Sleep, effect

Soja, P. J., Lopez-Rodriguez, F., Morales, F. R. Chase, M. H. (1991). The postsynaptic inhibitory control of lumbar motoneurons during the atonia of active sleep effect of strychnine on motoneuron properties. J. Neurosci 11, 2804-11. 

Staner L., Luthringer R., Dupon D., Aubin H. J., Lagrue G. (2006). Sleep effects of a 24-h versus a 16-h nicotine patch a polysomnographic study during smoking cessation. Sleep Med. 7, 147-54. 

Figure 27. Comparison of the relationship between antihypertensive and sympathomimetic activity and sedation and inhibition of gastric secretion of clonidine and two derivatives (St 600 and St 608). The antihypertensive activity was tested in genetic hypertensive rats. The sympathomimetic activity was measured as blood pressure increase in spinal rats. The sleep effect in chicks was tested according to the method in Reference 50, and the gastric secretion in rats was measured according to the method in Reference 57.

Cannabis use does not appear to induce a "hangover" syndrome like that produced with alcohol or sedative-hypnotics in terms of sleep effects, mood, psychomotor skills, or cognitive function (Chait 1990). 

Melatonin does appear to initiate sleep effectively, but its extremely short duration of action raises questions about its ability to sustain sleep through the night. The effective dose of melatonin is not known. It has not yet been well studied in controlled clinical trials, and inaccuracies in the reported dosage of many dietary supplements remain a problem. 

Nocturnal sleep effect. Eight healthy volunteers (four males, four females aged 21-... 

We can predict whether or not a given patient is likely to respond well to an antidepressant like imipramine by how dramatically the alterations of sleep that are typical of depression are reversed. This fact has two important implications first, it makes the delay more tolerable because a positive outcome is easier to anticipate than an uncertain one and second, it means that there is more than a casual tie between the immediate sleep effects and the delayed antidepressant effect. Perhaps the link is even causal. How so ... 

Factor SA, McAlamey T, Sanchez-Ramos JR, Weiner WJ. Sleep disorders and sleep effect in Parkinson s disease. Movement Disord 1990 5 280-285. 

We are not certain which comorbid risk factors cause mortality independent of sleep effects, and therefore, we cannot be certain whether we controlled too much or too little for comorbidities. For example, since short sleep or long sleep may cause a person to be sick at present or to get little exercise or to have heart disease (17), diabetes (18), etc., controlling for these possible mediating variables may have incorrectly minimized the hazards associated with sleep durations. This would be overcontrol. The hazard ratios for participants who were rather healthy at the time of the initial questionnaires were unlikely to be overcontrolled for initial illness. Since the 32-covariate models and the hazard ratios for initially healthy participants were similar, this similarity reduced concern that the 32-covariate models were overcontrolled. On the other hand, there may have been residual confounding processes that caused both short or long sleep and early death that we could not adequately control in the CPSII data set, either because available control variables did not adequately measure the confound or because the disease did not yet manifest itself. Depression, sleep apnea, and dysregulation of cytokines are plausible confounders that were not adequately controlled. It may be impossible to be confident that all conceivable confounds are adequately controlled in epidemiological studies of sleep. 

Webb W, Agnew H. Sleep effects of arestricted regime. Science 1965 150 1745-1747. 

SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by inhalation and intraperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects by inhalation sleep effects, excitement, anorexia, and blood pressure decrease. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. A skin and eye irritant. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. A common air contaminant. 

Antidepressants. In the depressed patient, improvement in mood is almost always accompanied by improvement in subjective sleep and therefore choice of antidepressant should not usually involve additional consideration of sleep effects. Nevertheless, some patients are more likely to continue with medication if there is a short-term improvement, in which case mirtazapine or nefazodone provide an effective antidepressant together with sleep-promoting effects. 

Tolerance develops to the sleep effects of benzodiazepines but not the antianxiety effects. 

HEALTH SYMPTOMS inhalation (sleep effects, excitement, anorexia, decrease in blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness) contact (burning sensation, dermatitis). 

The sleep-dependent component shows highest alertness immediately after sleep resembling the recovery efieci, and then alertness decreases with time. Therefore, this component is sometimes called time-since-sleep effect. Sleep inertia and the time-since-sleep component are influenced by quantity and quality of previous sleep. However, the quantitative elfect of sleep quality and quantity on these components is less well documented. 

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