Components dependent

The use of Henry s constant for a standard-state fugacity means that the standard-state fugacity for a noncondensable component depends not only on the temperature but also on the nature of the solvent. It is this feature of the unsymmetric convention which is its greatest disadvantage. As a result of this disadvantage special care must be exercised in the use of the unsymmetric convention for multicomponent solutions, as discussed in Chapter 4. 

In applications of group theory we often obtain a reducible representation, and we then need to reduce it to its irreducible components. The way that a given representation of a group is reduced to its irreducible components depends only on the characters of the matrices in the representation and on the characters of the matrices in the irreducible representations of the group. Suppose that the reducible representation is F and that the group involved... 

Adsorption Chromatography. The principle of gas-sohd or Hquid-sohd chromatography may be easily understood from equation 35. In a linear multicomponent system (several sorbates at low concentration in an inert carrier) the wave velocity for each component depends on its adsorption equihbrium constant. Thus, if a pulse of the mixed sorbate is injected at the column inlet, the different species separate into bands which travel through the column at their characteristic velocities, and at the oudet of the column a sequence of peaks corresponding to the different species is detected. 

The acetabular component is as integral to successful total hip arthroplasty as is the femoral hip stem component. The life of the acetabular component depends on proper placement and bone preparation in the acetabular region of the hip girdle, proper use of bone cement, and superior component design. 

The relative slopes of tanT (maximum or minimum). A, and reflectivity for the parallel component depend on the position relative to the Brewster angle (greater or lower). Thicker films on both types of substrate lead to dominant interferences. 

Photoelements and photodiodes Both photoelements and photodiodes are photoelectric components depending on internal photoelectric effects. 

The first term is referred to as the diamagnetic contribution, while the latter is the paramagnetic part of the magnetizability. Each of the two components depend on the selected gauge origin however, for exact wave functions these cancel exactly. For approximate wave functions this is not guaranteed, and as a result the total property may depend on where the origin for the vector potential (eq. (10.61)) has been chosen. 

It is well-established that fractionation occurs during crystallization for broad band molecular weight homopolymers [86, 148] that is, segregation occurs such that the lower molecular weight components remain in the melt (or solution) and only the higher molecular weight components become crystalline. The rejected components depend upon the growth conditions, which indicates that fractionation is directly linked to the crystallization process. Hence a study of the conditions... 

Almost all aquatic organisms rely on the presence of dissolved oxygen for respiration. Although oxygen is nonpolar, it is very slightly soluble in water and the extent to which it dissolves depends on its pressure. We have already seen (in Section 4.2) that the pressure of a gas arises from the impacts of its molecules. When a gas is introduced into the same container as a liquid, the gas molecules can burrow into the liquid like meteorites plunging into the ocean. Because the number of impacts increases as the pressure of a gas increases, we should expect the solubility of the gas—its molar concentration when the dissolved gas is in dynamic equilibrium with the free gas—to increase as its pressure increases. If the gas above the liquid is a mixture (like air), then the solubility of each component depends on that component s partial pressure (Fig. 8.21). 

As mentioned in the Introduction, it is necessary but not sufficient for isotopically discriminating reactions to occur if isofractionation is to be observed in any particular body component. Whether the isofractionation incurred in a particular reaction in the pathway leads to a measurable effect in a body pool component depends on the pattern or topology of the metabolic fluxes. Three basic cases are considered here for illustrative purposes. 

It follows from Eq. (9.2) that the work function has a chemical and an electrostatic component. Its overall value can be measured, whereas an exact determination of its individual components is not possible. The chemical component depends on the interaction between the charge and the surrounding medium moreover, it includes the work performed in overcoming the image forces. 

When the adsorbed components are electrically charged, then the partial molar Gibbs energy of the charged component depends on the charge of the given phase, and thus the chemical potentials in the above relationships must be replaced by the electrochemical potentials. The Gibbs adsorption isotherm then has the form... 

Thus, for the general case of a delocalized electron spin, the anisotropic components depend upon the orientation-weighted spatial average of... 

Here, C0bject is the capacitance and V the voltage between the two metal conductors. The capacitance of typical chargeable components depends on their size, shape, and distance from a grounded surface. For purposes of electrostatic hazard assessment, it is usually convenient to rely upon measured data like that in Table 6. 

The advection-dispersion equation follows directly from the transport laws already presented in this chapter, and the divergence principle. The latter states that the time rate of change in the concentration of a component depends on how rapidly the advective and dispersive fluxes change in distance. If, for example, more of component i moves into the control volume shown in Figure 20.1 across its left and front faces than move out across its right and back, the component is accumulating in the control volume and its concentration there increasing. The time rate of... 

Rinsing This is necessary to remove all of those components not retained by the sorbent during the retention step and which may remain trapped in the interstitial solvent. These could either be analyte(s) or matrix components, depending on which are not retained by the sorbent. 

In open systems consisting of several components the thermodynamic properties of each component depend on the overall composition in addition to T and p. Chemical thermodynamics in such systems relies on the partial molar properties of the components. The partial molar Gibbs energy at constantp, Tand rij (eq. 1.77) has been given a special name due to its great importance the chemical potential. The corresponding partial molar enthalpy, entropy and volume under the same conditions are defined as... 

The advantage of this expression is that although the adsorption of each component depends on the Gibbs dividing surface, the right-hand side is independent of its position. We can thus define the relative adsorption of component B with respect to component A ... 

Compared to the traditional BOD and COD removal concept, which considers organic matter as degradable in a fictitious removal process, the concept described has moved to highlight biomass as being the real active component, depending on the nature and availability of organic substrates and electron acceptor. The heterotrophic biomass is, therefore, in terms of its activity, the central component of such a concept. 

The determination of the COD components depends on the fact that the substrate uptake can be experimentally related to the OUR curve. The heterotrophic yield constant, YHw, that is experimentally determined from procedure number 1, Section 7.2.1, relates the oxygen uptake to the readily biodegradable substrate that is consumed irrespective of its origin, being either directly available or continuously produced from hydrolyzable COD fractions. 

Sometimes the postcondition is written so that the effect on our component depends on something elsewhere. In the ATM, for example IF the account in the user s bank is in credit, THEN the user gets the money. This means that, in refining the action, we must include an action with the user s bank that transfers that information here. (This also applies to preconditions, which are equivalent to an if clause like this.)... 

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