Nocturnal sleep effect

Nocturnal sleep effect. Eight healthy volunteers (four males, four females aged 21-... 

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Anderson CM, Maislin G, Van Dongen HP, Rogers NL, Powell JW, Carlin MM, Mullington JM, Dinges DF. Effect of chronically reduced nocturnal sleep, with and without daytime naps, on neurobehavioral performance. Sleep 2000 23 A74. 

Notwithstanding the initial effects of sleep inertia that may accompany long naps, they have been shown to produce beneficial effects after normal nocturnal sleep (26-29), sleep restriction (30), total sleep deprivation (31), as well as during experimental night shifts (32,33) and periods of sustained wakefulness (1). Reported benefits include increased post-nap sleep latency (30,31,33), improved... 

It is not surprising that the homeostatic theory does not completely account for the beneficial effects of brief naps, as the theory was derived from experimental studies of long nocturnal sleep episodes rather than comparably shorter-duration napping studies. Hence the homeostatic theory may simply not be an appropriate theory of the recuperative effects of napping. The incongruence between existing scientific evidence from napping studies and Process S warrants the consideration of an alternative explanation. 

Brief naps appear to be at least as effective as longer naps under conditions of restricted sleep and normal nocturnal sleep, and longer naps may be more effective under conditions of total sleep deprivation. 

In a double-blind, crossover, randomized, placebo-controlled study in 22 healthy volunteers, single doses of zolpidem 10 mg and triazolam 0.25 mg had no effect on the enhanced non-word recall observed after sleep or on improvement in the performance of a digit symbol substitution test in subjects who slept (30). The authors concluded that the hypnotics did not interfere with nocturnal sleep-induced improvement in memory. 

Honda, K., Komoda, Y., Nishida, S., et al. (1984) Uridine as an active component of sleep-promoting substance its effects on nocturnal sleep in rats. Neurosci. Res., 1, 243-252. 

In contrast, another meta-analysis undertaken by Brzezinski et al., using 17 different studies involving 284 subjects, most of whom were older, concluded that melatonin is effective in increasing sleep efficiency and reducing sleep onset time (Brzezinski et al. 2005). Based on this meta-analysis the use of melatonin in the treatment of insomnia, particularly in aged individuals with nocturnal melatonin deficiency, was proposed. 

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