Skin properties

Moulded insulation using self-skinning properties, e.g. refrigerators 2. Decorative mouldings, e.g. wood beams... 

The time to damage human skin increases logarithmically with the increase in skin temperature. Skin damage begins at about 45°C (113°F) and becomes virtually instantaneous at 72°C (162°F). Complex methods involving the use of thermal skin property are detailed in the literature (SFPE, 2000). 

It has been shown (, , 2.) that a membrane casting dope is a strongly structurlzed polymer solution, and that the morphology of the membrane surface layer can be correlated to the structure of the casting solution. The latter parameter affects the nature and details of the phase inversion process occuring in the upper part of the cast solution, in an incipient skin. Thus the solution structure is one of the factors responsible for the skin properties, and consequently for the performance of the ultimately formed asymmetric membrane. 

Further, the observed changes in trends of both the AE curve (Figure 1) and the membrane performance data (Figure 3) that happen in the same range of PA concentrations, lead to the conclusion that a certain stable level of supermolecular organization reached in the membrane casting dope creates conditions for the membranes with optimal skin properties to be formed. 

Touching the skin, however, is essential in clinical practice in order to assess certain skin properties that the other senses cannot detect. In cosmetics, this corresponds to a very common gesture performed every day to evaluate the condition of our skin or to check the effect of a cream or shampoo or when applying perfume. In social life too, it is through touching the skin that we express our feelings to convey sympathy, love, and tenderness. 

Serup J. Gravitational or vertical ageing. In Leveque JL, Agache PG, eds. Aging Skin Properties and Functional Changes. New York Marcel Dekker 1993 82-85. 

Researchers have reported that, for impedance measurements on human skin under fixed-amplitude galvanostatic modulation, significant changes in skin properties were observed that could be attributed to the impedance measurement. The magnitude of the skin impedance varied from about 10 Ocm at high frequency to 100 fcOcm at low frequency. The perturbation amplitude was 0.1 mA on an exposed skin sample of 1 cm area. Explain the reasons for their observation and suggest an improved experimental protocol. 

The following are thermoplastic foams that are frequently grouped under structural foams, but do not always have the integral-skin properties of the structural foams described above. 

While the infinite dose technique has been invaluable in the determination of important skin permeability parameters such as dermal penetration coefficients and in the development of transdermal drug delivery concepts, to mimic in vivo conditions, the so-called finite dose technique was developed. This is essentially a modification of the traditional steady-state method. The important difference is that the skin preparation is supported over the receptor so that the epidermal surface is exposed in a manner that mimics the real-life exposure scenario, and the compound of interest is applied to the surface of the skin in a manner also similar to exposure in vivo. Although the results of such studies may give valuable information about the absorption of materials under specific exposure conditions, they are generally not amenable to extrapolation to other exposures since no invariant skin properties such as penetration coefficients can be readily calculated. 

Interactions between GAG chains and various molecules or pathogens play many important biological functions. p-o-Xylopyranosides with a hydrophobic aglycon can penetrate the plasma membrane, initiate the first galactosylation step, and act as an exogenous primer for GAG biosynthesis. Hence, these xylosides have demonstrated interesting biological properties such as anti-thrombotic activity, preservation of human skin properties, and antiproliferative activity. Due to major... 

Tactile or neuro-physiological comfort of clothing is the mechanical sensations, which a textile causes at direct contact with the skin (Bartels, 2005) and depends on fabric tactile properties, skin properties, environmental conditions, activity level and garment fit (Kilinc-Balci, 2011). 

Chem. Descrip. C7 fatty acid triglyceride Uses Lubricant for machinery for confectioneiy and food industries mold release agent in processing of plastics additive to cutting oils, lacquer and varnish systems antiblocking agent for artificial skins Properties Liq. neutral odor and taste dens. 0.930 g/cc vise. 20.6 mmV s sapon. no. 385-395 Envxonmental Biodeg. 

Some skin properties are well-adapted to be controlled by autonomous sweat gland... 

Aberg, R, Geladi, R, Nicander, I., Olhnar, S., 2002. Variation of skin properties within human forearms demonstrated by non-invasive detection and multi-way analysis. Skin Res. Technol. 8, 194—201. 

The eventual modification of the skin properties on undisturbed skin after tire daily application of IWL structured as liposomes was investigated. It was observed that the I liposomes improved the skin barrier integrity (fig. 1) and increased tire skin hydration (fig. 2) in contrast to the placebo solution A ch led to an increase in TEWL values and to a dehydration effect on the first days of the experimenL Moreover, it should be noted that the IWL liposomes were able to iruuntain th irrqnovements for 3 days after the last application. 

Ivens J, Vandeurzen PH, van Vuure AW, Verpoest I, Ko FK, Meerding K, Modeling of the skin properties of 3-D fabric sandwich composites. Proceedings, TexComp-2, Leuven, 54(K547, May 17-19, 1994. 

Table 7. Non-invasive bioengineering methods for characterisation of skin properties in occupational dermatology (Iliev et al. 1998)...

In this section, a survey and brief description of the most widely used methods of investigation of surfactant-skin interactions in humans will be performed. Furthermore, the description of some more specific, but less used, methods will be discussed which are able to answer the particular questions in terms of the interaction of the surfactant with the skin. Finally, the assessment of changes in skin properties will be discussed. 

A second important advantage of instrumental assessment techniques is that most skin properties can now be evaluated objectively and quantitatively. In addition to the measurable properties described above, other instruments have been developed to measure skin color, viscoelastic properties of the skin, surface profile or thickness of the various skin layers, and so forth. Table 7 summarizes most of the measurable skin properties and instruments designed to measure them. Such a list is not exhaustive, as new instruments continue to be developed and some are developed and used privately without being commercially available. 

Table 7 Measurable Skin Properties and Their Instruments...

CAS 12751-23-4 EiNECS/ELiNCS 235-798-1 Uses Moderate cieaning and foaming agent, base materiai for faciai foaming cieansers, body shampoos Features Very miid to human skin Properties Soiid HLB 10,0 100% soiids Abluphat MLP-220 [Taiwan Surf]... 

Uses Emulsifier for emulsion polymerization, cosmetic creams and lotions softener, conditioner, bactericide, fungicide, and odor Inhibitor In personal care prods. antlstat for hair and fibers Features Substantive to hair and skin Properties Pale yel. cl. liq., typ. odor pH 5-8 24% act. 

Uses Foam booster tor formulation of detergents and personal care prods. thickener for liq. foaming detergents Features Contains glycerin refatting effect on skin Properties Solid 100% cone. 

Uses Surfactant, vise, modifier, and foam booster for formuiation of detergents and personai care prods, thickener in iiq, foaming detergents Features Contains giycerin refatting effect on skin Properties Liq, 100% act,... 

Uses Emulsifier, emollient for creams, lotions, bath prods., liq. soaps, hydro-alcoholic sol ns. softener and moisturizer for skin Properties Water-wh. to pale yel. cl. liq., mild odor sol. In SDA40 alcohol, methanol, IPA, ethanol, aldehydes, ketones, propylene glycol disp. In castor oil, water sp.gr. 1.17 b.p. 210 c acid no. 5 max. flash pt. (COC) 210 C 100% cone. Dermol GL-7A [Alzo]... 

Uses Surfactant raw material, detergent, foaming agent, vise, builder, softener for shampoos and bubble baths Features Very mild to skin Properties LIq. 30% cone. 

Features High substantivity on hair and skin Properties Cl, liq, water-sol, 40% act,... 

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