Dehydration, effects

Liquid sulfur trioxide may be purchased in stabilized form as Sulfan B," m.p. 17°, b.p. about 45°. Caution must be exercised in handling sulfur trioxide. The liquid is highly corrosive to the skin and the vapor may cause injury if inhaled. The powerful oxidizing and dehydrating effects of sulfur trioxide should not... 

Most cases of diarrhea in adults are mild and resolve quickly. Infants and children (especially under 3 years of age) are highly susceptible to the dehydrating effect of diarrhea, and its occurrence in this age group should be taken seriously. 

Of interest here is the question relating to the value for the slope coefficient, k, from equation (1), when surfactant structures incorporating both ionic (say sulphonate) and nonionic moieties are included together. The Ghanges in electric double layer effects imparted from salt addition might dominate the packing constraints and therefore the phase inversion process, or perhaps oxyethylene dehydration effects from the presence of toluene could also play a role. 

There is no doubt that the most important parameter in the organisms familiar to us is water content. The lapidary sentence no life without water is valid for all aspects of biogenesis, whether on the primeval Earth or on another heavenly body. The life processes in all living species known to Man are based on liquid water, which has a number of special properties (Brack, 1993). The dehydrating effect of a high vacuum is assumed to be the most important limiting factor in the transport of microbes between heavenly bodies. This effect would naturally depend on the time required for such a transfer, since some spores can survive for what are, in cosmic dimensions, short periods. 

Fontes tt al. [224,225 addressed the acid—base effects of the zeolites on enzymes in nonaqueous media by looking at how these materials affected the catalytic activity of cross-linked subtilisin microcrystals in supercritical fluids (C02, ethane) and in polar and nonpolar organic solvents (acetonitrile, hexane) at controlled water activity (aw). They were interested in how immobilization of subtilisin on zeolite could affected its ionization state and hence their catalytic performances. Transesterification activity of substilisin supported on NaA zeolite is improved up to 10-fold and 100-fold when performed under low aw values in supercritical-C02 and supercritical-ethane respectively. The increase is also observed when increasing the amount of zeolite due not only to a dehydrating effect but also to a cation exchange process between the surface proton of the enzyme and the sodium ions of the zeolite. The resulting basic form of the enzyme enhances the catalytic activity. In organic solvent the activity was even more enhanced than in sc-hexane, 10-fold and 20-fold for acetonitrile and hexane, respectively, probably due to a difference in the solubility of the acid byproduct. 

Together with a texture improvement, the penetration of solutes, combined with a dehydration effect, could modify the fruit composition and improve pigment, color, and vitamin retention during frozen storage. 

If an organic solvent is used to dissolve the chemical, water should be added to reduce the dehydrating effect of the solvent within the gut lumen. The volume of water or solvent-water mixture used to dissolve the chemical should be kept low, since excess quantities may distend the stomach and cause rapid gastric emptying. In addition, large volumes of water may carry the chemical through membrane pores and increase the rate of absorption. Thus, if dose- dependent absorption is suspected, it is important that the different doses are given in the same volume of solution. 

Disinfectants come from various chemical classes, including oxidants, halogens or halogen-releasing agents, alcohols, aldehydes, organic acids, phenols, cationic surfactants (detergents) and formerly also heavy metals. The basic mechanisms of action involve de-naturation of proteins, inhibition of enzymes, or a dehydration. Effects are dependent on concentration and contact time. 

Plain water crosses the walls of the intestine by osmotic action alone. However, if sodium and sugars are also present then the active transport mechanisms described earlier operate and water absorption can be enhanced. The effect is dependant on concentrations the maximum rate of water uptake occurs when the concentrations give a slightly hypotonic solution (200-250 mOsm/kg, cf. 287 mOsm/kg for isotonicity) (Wapnir and Lifshitz, 1985). Conversely, when the lumen contents are significantly hypertonic, water is secreted from plasma into the intestine by osmotic action this is a dehydrating effect. 

Ion dehydration effects can be responsible for a variety of ion-dependent RNA folding properties, especially for the tertiary structure folding (Draper, 2008). Refinement of the TBI model should include a more accurate treatment for the possible ion dehydration effect. Further development of the model should also consider the all-atom details of the RNA structure and the improvements of computational efficiency. 

Tungstic oxide at 350° is reduced to a blue oxide which has a dehydrating effect and ethylene results as well as aldehyde and acetic acid. 

An in situ detection of the dehydration effect on bovine cortical bone samples has been carried out using 13C 1H CPMAS and 1H MAS.199 Figure 15 shows the dehydration process manifested in the NMR spectra. The dehydration-induced line broadening shown in the 13C spectra has been attributed to a local conformational disorder of the bone matrix and... 

Centrifugation is performed for 10 min at 3500 rpm. The upper phase is then removed and precipitated by 1 volume of ethanol at -20°C. DNA fibers are simply coiled on a glass rod and dissolved immediately in the TE buffer. DNA fibers cannot support the dehydrating effect of ethanol for more than 40 s. 

The pentoxide has a powerful dehydrating effect upon oxyacids and is therefore used in preparing anhydrides from these (see under Nitrogen Pentoxide, this Volume, Part I.). It also removes halogen from halogen hydraeids under some conditions, giving oxyhalides, e.g. 

The cations of quinazolines that have a strong —I substituent (e.g. Cl, NO2) are almost completely hydrated, and those with a weaker —I, or with +1, substituent (e.g. OMe, OH, NHg, Me) may contain a small proportion (about 10-25%) of the anhydrous cation. Two important exceptions are now discussed. Substituents in the 4-position, whether —lov+I, have a strong dehydrating effect (cf. Section II, C). Again, when a strongly tautomeric (-t-T ) substituent (sometimes called a mesomeric substituent) is placedporo (i.e. in position 7) to the carbon atom C-4, the tendency to hydrate is strongly reduced. This example of action at a distance was demonstrated in 7-methoxy-,... 

Colten-Bradley, V.A., 1987. Role of pressure in smectite dehydration - Effects on geopressure and smectite-to-illite transformation. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol 71, no.ll, pp. 1414-1427... 

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