Artificial skin evaluation

M. Spira, J. Fissette, W. Hall, S.B. Hardy, F.J. Gerow, Evaluation of synthetic fabrics as artificial skin grafts to experimental burn wounds, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 3 (1969) 213-234. 

Significant improvement of functional properties has been reported for fibers obtained from blends of chitin with various natural polymers such as cellulose, silk fibroin and glycosaminoglycans [48, 50, 51]. Fibers of chitosan blended with alginate, collagen and gelatin have been evaluated for wound dressing and artificial skin applications [52, 53, 108, 136]. 

Biomaterial applications (e.g., artificial skin, monitor and evaluate engineered tissues)... 

Skin Long-Term Clinical Evaluation of Artificial Skin Clinical... 

The overall evaluation by the patients showed that 26% preferred the new integument generated by use of artificial skin whereas 64% found that the sites were equivalent and 10% showed preference for the autografted site. Physician s overall evaluation showed that 39% preferred the artificial skin site, 45% found the sites to be equivalent, and 16% preferred the autografted site. 

Tests considered above have all been conducted in artificial or laboratory conditions. This may be satisfactory when disinfectants are required to act in non-living environments. However, many antibacterials are used on living tissue and on the skin, and so tests to evaluate them in these situations are called for. 

USEPA (2000e). Evaluation of Saliva and Artificial Salivary Fluids for Removal of Pesticide Residues from Human Skin, Report No. 600/R-00/041, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. 

In addition to cell lines, artificial human skin has been used to test the effects of SM (Petrali et al, 1993). Human skin equivalent (HSE), commercially available as EpiDerm, is a fiiUy differentiated artificial human skin with both a dermis and an epidermis (Monteiro-Riviere et al, 1997). Full thickness models (EipDerm-FT) have been evaluated for their potential use in SM models as well (Hayden etal, 2005 Paromov etal, 2008). The latter model has been successftilly applied for screening of antioxidant molecules in the treatment of SM injury (Paromov et al, 2008). A lack of knowledge regarding the identity of important biochemical... 

The first photostability measurements performed on cosmetic UV filters were carried out, probably in the 1930s, by Kunz (9). He prepared dilute solutions of UV filters in (cosmetic) solvents, exposed them to artificial UV radiation and recorded the changes in their UV absorption profile before and after exposure. At that time, the term, "sun-protection factor," was unknown and there was no standard methodology to evaluate the protective potential of a sunscreen on human skin. Hence, the behavior of the filter was used as a surrogate for a protection assessment. 

The effect of treatment with tar and/or artificial UV radiation on the risk of developing cutaneous carcinoma was evaluated on skin cancer patients (59 cases) with severe psoriasis (Stem et al. 1980) ... 

CA Bartzokas, JE Corkill, T Makin. Evaluation of the skin disinfecting activity and cumulative effect of chlorhexidine and Triclosan handwash preparations on hands artificially contaminated with Serratia marcescens. Infect Control 8(4) 163-167, 1987. 

The use of a faster-growing cell line, MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney) cells, appears to be a good replacement for Caco-2 cells (Irvine et al. 1999). The parallel artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA) is a rapid in vitro assay, in which transcellular permeation is evaluated (Kansy et al. 1998). PAMPA may also be used to predict oral absorption, blood-brain barrier penetration, and human skin permeability (Fujikawa et al. 2007) by using QSAR models. To our knowledge, neither PAMPA, Caco-2 cell monolayers nor MDCK cells have been used to examine the absorption/permeability of the pyrethroids. The advantages and limitations of the Caco-2 model were reviewed by Artursson et al. (1996) and Delie and Rubas (1997). 

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