Single-or Multi-Point

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As discussed under the transport section, the length of each sample line and number of sample lines which must be scanned by amulti-point gas detector, can seriously affect response time. 

For example, if the acceptable response time is 15 seconds or less and  

Minimum time to analyze a single sample line—30 seconds 

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The Champ-Sons model is a most effieient tool allowing quantitative predictions of the field radiated by arbitrary transducers and possibly complex interfaces. It allows one to easily define the complete set of transducer characteristics (shape of the piezoelectric element, planar or focused lens, contact or immersion, single or multi-element), the excitation pulse (possibly an experimentally measured signal), to define the characteristics of the testing configuration (geometry of the piece, transducer position relatively to the piece, characteristics of both the coupling medium and the piece), and finally to define the calculation to run (field-points position, acoustical quantity considered). 

The task of initial set-up really starts at the single cavity trial stage. If the reader has arrived at this point with a production tool and without experience of a prototype single cavity tool then a difficult time may be forecast Whether the task involves single or multi-cavity tooling, setting up should follow the same broad principles. The steps are ... 

Figure 28.4 Conceptual TDLAS set-up strategies, utilizing open-path configurations (with or without retro-reflector) or closed path (with single-point or multi-point sampling, annotated as POINT and DUCT monitors in the figure). The transmitter and receiver units may include beam guiding/forming elements, such as optical fibres, telescopes, multipath reflectors, etc. The set-up also indicates the option of simultaneous calibration to a reference standard...

The diamond can be single point or multi-point and by varying the depth of cut and the traverse rate of dressing, different wheel surfaces and hence different cutting actions can be achieved. The size of diamond used is important and is... 

To terminate optical cable in the field, a fiber optic pigtail may be used. A pigtail is typically a single-or multi-fiber cable that has been connectorized at the factory on one end only. The other end remains nonterminated and is spliced to the installed cable. This joint can be either a fusion splice or a mechanical splice. After splicing, the splice point is placed inside a protective splice tray, which is then housed in fiber... 

The choice of gas detection technology is also a complex decision and can be influenced by the choice of single point or multi-point sampling since that choice can lock you into a certain group of commercially available gas detectors or monitoring systems. 

Data logging instruments hard-wired to the monitoring devices may be single or multi-channel. Single-channel instruments have the advantage that they may be mounted local to the monitoring point to minimize the length of the cable run. 

Metallization. In the fabrication sequence described in Table I, metal layers are used as conductive paths between points on the same integrated circuit or as contact points between the IC and its package. The metal layers may be single component, multi-component alloys or multilayered thin films depending on the application. The methods used for depositing the metal are... 

It is important to point out that the covalent bond has many faces. They can range from simple s, p, d, bonds to sp- or spd- hybridization bonds which may result in a and ji bonds that form the building block for single, double, and triple bonds. In more complex cases they can be resonance bonds or multi-centered bonds that are often observed in metals and alloys. 

Confusion often arises due to misinterpretation of the term interaction within the conceptional framework of the three-point rule. It is important to understand that in this particular context interaction refers to intermolecular physical forces and their steric implication rather than to specific spatial relationships between substructure elements in the SO and SA entities. This distinction is crucial as intermolecular forces, depending on their physical nature, may be of single-point or of multi-point quality. For example, forces acting exclusively between specific... 

There are various ways to derive a calibration curve. Multi-point calibration curves, for example, include a minimum of three different concentrations of the analyte. For semiquantitative assays, a single-point calibration is common. The single point is usually the threshold concentration used to determine whether a specimen is positive or negative for the analyte of interest. Depending on the validation process and performance characteristics of the assay, a single-point calibration curve may also be used in quantitative applications over a limited range of linearity. A historical (pre-established) multi-point calibration curve may also be used, but only if the stability of the analytical method over time has been well established (Goldberger et al., 1997). 

There are obvious parallels between eqn. (10.5) and eqn. (10.2) in fact eqn. (10.5) suggests that continuum mechanics is just one more set of applications of the idea that materials tend to move down gradients of chemical potential. But there is also a conspicuous difference ideas in group A embody the idea that, at any point in space, a material component just has a chemical potential—a single value by contrast, group B embodies the idea that, under nonhydrostatic stress, it is a plane or a direction i that has a chemical potential associated with it, and that the potential associated with one plane can be different from the potential associated with another plane at the same point in space. The objective of this book is to treat situations where deformation and interdiffusion are occurring simultaneously that is to say, we want to combine eqns. (10.2) and (10.5), and hence the question, Is chemical potential single-valued or multi-valued must be faced. 

For this, a subcutaneous or intradermic injection is made, at different points to five or six mice, rats or rabbits of the hapten-bound protein (immunogen) with certain additives. This multi-point primary injection corresponds to around 100 gig of pesticide. Animals having the same genetic background do not necessarily react in the same way. Two weeks later the same process is repeated with one fifth of the immunogen concentration. Two weeks after that, blood samples are taken from the animals to verify if the antibodies have appeared. The injections are repeated two or three times in order to create hyper-immunization. The serum of the animals is now a source of the desired antibody, which is of the polyclonal type. By contrast, monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single cell line. 

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