OPTICAL CABLE

Fiber optics cables Fiber optic waveguides Fiber-reactive dyebath Fiber reactive dyes... 

The market for optical fiber worldwide in 1992 was 2.8 billion corresponding to 10 million fiber kilometers (Mfk) (38). This can be broken down into the U.S. market (3.7 Mfk), the rest of North America (0.4 Mfk), northern Europe (4.1 Mfk), eastern Europe (2.6 Mfk), the Pacific Rim (2.8 Mfk), and elsewhere (0.3 Mfk). Most of the optical fiber is manufactured by only a few companies, the largest of which are AT T and Coming. Other producers include Alcatel, Eujikura, Eurakawa, Northern Telecom, Pirelli, and Sumitomo. The market for optical fibers is projected to reach 3.5 biUion by 1998. In addition, according to ElectroniCast (San Mateo, Ca.), the total market for passive optical components, optical electronics, connectors, and fiber-optic cable is predicted to increase from 1.76 billion (U.S.) in 1992 to over 4 billion in 1997, and 10 billion by 2002. 

No collector sHt is fitted, and the full width of the ion beam falls onto microchaimel plates which emit electrons. The emitted electrons strike a phosphor coating on the end of a fiber-optic cable (see Fiber optics). The phosphor emits photons which travel along the cable to the photodiode array. 

Optical connectors ate used to terminate and interconnect fiber optic cables (see Fiber OPTICS). Transmission of information by light through optical fibers made of glass or plastic is less expensive in many cases than transmission of electric signals through wire. An advantage of fiber optic technology is that it is... 

Optical functions are important both to transmit information through fiber optic cables and to store information on optical disks. An optical fiber... 

Use fiber optic cable in preference to wires to reduce interference, crosstalk, and difference in ground potential at different location... 

Business machinery applications include keys for keyboards, typewriter ribbon guides, plug and socket connectors and optical cable sheathing. 

Fiber optic cables, such as this one being spliced, allow for mere information to be passed in smaller "packages. (Corbis Corporation)... 

Optical emision spectra nowadays are simply measured using a fiber optic cable that directs the plasma light to a monochromator, which is coupled to a photodetector. By rotating the prism in the monochromator a wavelength scan of the emitted light can be obtained. Alternatively, an optical multichannel analyzer can be used to record (parts of) an emission spectrum simultaneously, allowing for much faster acquisition. A spectrometer resolution of about 0.1 nm is needed to identify species. 

The feasibility of an optical fiber system was demonstrated for the differential absorption analysis of the car pollutant nitrogen dioxide. It absorbs in the visible and can be "sensed" using an Ar-ion laser27. The yellow metabolite bilirubin has been monitored in blood via fiber optic spectrometry in serum28. The tip of a fiber optic cable was inserted into a injection needle so to reach the blood sample, and absorbance (and later fluorescence) was acquired of a sample contained in the cavity at the tip of the fiber or needle. 

To use the OFRR as a biosensing device, the optical resonant mode is excited and the resonant frequency is measured continuously in real time. The conceptual measurement setup is illustrated in Fig. 14.3. Laser light from a distributed feedback (DFB) laser is delivered to the OFRR using fiber optic cable. One method that has been used to excite the resonant modes is to place a tapered fiber optic cable with a diameter less than 4 pm in contact with the OFRR. The evanescent field of the tapered fiber overlaps with the evanescent field outside of the capillary wall, which enables mode coupling between the two media24. 

The increasing use of fiber optics for electronic communications poses critical communications risks. The fire resistant requirements of fiber optical cables are currently similar to the requirements of fire resistant ratings applied to electrical cables within the specifications of the NEC. 

Any location that has a connection to the SCADA network is a target, especially unmanned or unguarded remote sites. Conduct a physical security survey and inventory access points at each facility that has a connection to the SCADA system. Identify and assess any source of information including remote telephone/ computer network/fiber optic cables that could be tapped radio and microwave links that are exploitable computer terminals that could be accessed and wireless local area network access points. Identify and eliminate single points of failure. The security of the site must be adequate to detect or prevent unauthorized access. Do not allow live network access points at remote, unguarded sites simply for convenience. 

There are four types of buried sensors that rely on different types of triggers pressure or seismic magnetic field ported coaxial cable and fiber-optic cables. These four sensors are all covert and terrain-following, meaning they are hidden from view and follow the contour of the terrain. The four types of sensors are described in more detail below. Table 9.9 presents the distinctions between the four types of buried sensors. 

Fiber-optic cables Responds to a change in the shape of the fiber that can be sensed using sophisticated sensors and computer signal processing... 

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