Monitoring points

When groundwater contaminant plumes are suspected of having significant depth as well as lateral distribution, a three-dimensional array of monitoring points is needed to identify and characterize such plumes. Thus, groundwater data must be obtained from a number of different locations and from a number of different depths at each location. As a result, either a large number of drillholes are required, each with separate instrumentation installed, or instruments must be combined and installed at multiple levels in each of a smaller number of drillholes. 

Figure 2. Plot plan of process plant showing the three ignition positions and the eight pressure monitoring points.

The substation provides a monitoring point for system operating parameters. The power system is a highly complex and sensitive conglomeration of parts that must all be coordinated to function properly. For this reason, the operating conditions must be veiy closely obsci vcd and controlled. This is done by using specialized sensors to acquire the intormation and then cominunication systems to convey the information to a central point. For immediate response to system faults (such as damaged conduc-... 

The exposure of sensors in a by-pass stream (which can be valved off), is an alternative way of collecting monitoring data although correlation is required between the main-stream and the by-pass The use of a side-stream taken either side of a choke in the main-stream can provide a useful monitoring point. Traps where product streams can be condensed can offer alternative sampling systems. 

Such a string may be useful when two types of variables independently affect the quality of a solution. Suppose that an analytical laboratory monitors the air quality at a downtown site, measuring the level of fifteen different pollutants. A theoretical model is established that links the amount of these pollutants measured at the monitoring point with the amounts of each pollutant released at twenty different sites around the city. Because there are fifteen pollutants and twenty pollution sources, a 15 x 20 matrix is required to model the problem and GA strings can be constructed in this form. 

Figure 9. Shifting of oil concentration maximum outside of the primary area of pollutant distribution, 5 years after pollution accident (Solntseva and Sadov, 2004) 1-11, oil products, g/kg of soil 1, <5 2, 5-10 3, 10-15 4, 15-25 5, 25-50 6, 50-75 7, 75-100 8, 100-200 9, 200-300 10, 300-400 11, 400-500 12, the boundary of polluted soil-ground waters 13, the boundary of capillary line 14, monitoring points.

Figure 10. Schematic pattern of oil pollution transport onto river valleys (Solntseva, 1998).1, monitoring points 2-6 oil content, g/kg of soil 2, >15 3, 15-10 4, 10-5 5, 5—1 6, <1.

Extrapolation of geologic and hydrogeologic information between monitoring points ... 

Periodic monitoring points should include extraction, injection, and monitoring points. When sampling injection wells, the injection system should be shut down for approximately 24 h to allow ambient conditions to be reestablished. Monitoring wells should be purged and sampled according to standard procedures. Extracted fluid material (pumped water) can be sampled by the same procedures as collecting a surface water sample. 

Rigid fixtures which simulate the mounting of the fuze in service shall be used to mount the fuze to the vibration machine. The control accelerometer or accelerometers shall be mounted as close as possible to the fuze mounting point. The fixture shall be designed such that the trans-missibility at any point on the fixture shall be less than two (2). The transverse motion of the input monitoring points shall be less than 100 percent of the input motion. The transmissi-bility and transverse motion of the fixture, loaded with fuzes or dummy equivalents, shall be evaluated thru the ratnge of test frequencies... 

Location of monitoring points on the Struma River (Bulgaria). 

A widely used technique is IR monitoring, which is utilized for both point and area (open-path) measurement applications but cannot detect H2. The previously discussed detectors were point sensors. To monitor a large area, one would have to locate many monitors (points). In contrast, open-path IR combustibles monitors project their beams in a path that is typically 10-200 m in length and monitor all of the combustibles in that path. 

Select monitoring points—wells or springs situated near all potential pollution sources (in the downflow direction), surface water bodies (rivers, lakes, operational ponds, etc.), and water supplying wells... 

Every surface and groundwater station of the network should be thoroughly studied in order to understand the hydrological system of each station (what is measured ) and determine the parameters that should be included for each station in the routine monitoring. Points to be studied are... 

Answer 7.6 The fewer the available monitoring points, the more detailed and profound has to be their study. For example, the study should cover a very wide list of parameters measured in the laboratory, a well should be profiled after a long enough time of no pumping, each well has to be monitored without pumping and during pumping, and a frequent time series should be obtained. 

Details of the laser photolysis system have been reported elsewhere (19). Polystyrene or CMS in cyclohexane solution in a 1x1x2 cm quartz cell was excited by a 248-nm pulse from a KrF excimer laser (lambda Physik EGM 500). The width of the pulse was 15 ns (full width at half-maximum (FWHM)). Transient spectra were monitored point by point by using a conventional nanosecond laser photolysis method. 

There is a continuum of monitoring points along the path that an effect on an ecosystem takes from introduction of a xenobiotic to the biosphere to the final series of effects (Chapter 2). Techniques are available for monitoring at each level, although they are not uniform for each class of toxicant. It is possible to outline the current organizational levels of biomonitoring ... 

A reasonable observation after these results may be that an effective CD controller should be able to reduce CD variability by at least a factor of 2. Another way of stating the same observation from a performance monitoring point of view would be that as long as a CD controller is functioning properly both plots in Figure 10.12 should indicate insignificant contributions from Gram polynomials up to order 4 or 5, which would also mean essentially similar power spectra for ycd and ycd r) ... 

All temperature monitoring points (thermocouples) are maintained within a specified range during the specified testing period. 

Representative approaches related to diffuse and widespread sources are often relevant in surveillance monitoring. In such cases, a sufficient number of monitoring points must be sampled within a selection of water bodies in order to assess the magnitude and impact of the pressures. 

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