Short-wave radiation

Long-wave radiation (infrared radiation) is in the range of 0.8-100 i.m, short-wave radiation (visible as light) is in the range 0.4-0.8 [Lin, and solar radiation is in the range 0.3-3.0 juim. 

Several polyheterocyclic compounds containing a condensed 1,2,4-triazole nucleus, such as 3,5-disubstituted thiazolo [2,3-r][ 1,2,4] triazoles, are thermostabilizers for polypropylene and polycaproamide <2003MI2>. Triazolo[3,4-A][l,3]benzothiazoledicarbonitrile derivatives are used to prepare hexazocyclanes-fluorophores as active media for liquid and solid lasers, scintillators, and for transformation of short-wave radiation to long-wave radiation <2004RUP2238276>. 

Under submerged conditions, temperatures in the soil and water depend on the depth of the water and on the density of the plant canopy, as well as on meteorological conditions. The water transmits incident short-wave radiation to the soil but it also insulates the soil against emission of long wave radiation. The full plant canopy transmits 90 % of the short-wave infrared radiation (i.e. half the total short-wave). Hence there is a greenhouse effect and consequently the soil and water temperatures tend to be higher than the air temperature. Evaporative cooling reduces the surface water temperature and drives convection currents, so the water tends to be well mixed. 

The most common sources and sinks of heat are short-wave radiation (sunshine), long-wave radiation (such as from a radiator), and heat sources and sinks from reactions. There are also boundary sources and sinks, such as evaporation and freezing. Application of equation (4.4) will be demonstrated through the following examples. 

ANGSTROM (A). A unit of length almost one non-hundred millionth (10 s) centimeter. The Angstrom is defined in terms of the wavelength of the red line of cadmium (6438.4696 A). Used in stating distances between atoms, dimensions of molecules, wavelengths of short-wave radiation, etc. 

The climate effects of atmospheric aerosol particles are a matter of continuous interest in the research community. The aerosol-climate effects are divided into two groups The direct effect represents the ability of the particle population to absorb and scatter short-wave radiation - directly affecting the radiation balance. These direct effects depend primarily on the aerosol optical properties and particle number size distribution, as the particle size significantly affects the scattering efficiency of... 

The product of incomplete burning of various fuels (mainly fossil fuel and biomass burning) is called black carbon (BC), made up of soot and smoke aerosol that absorbs short-wave radiation. Estimates of direct RF due to BC and organic matter (OM) have led to values in the interval from +0.16 Wm-2 to +0.42 W m-2, and total absorbed radiation within 0.56 Wm 2-2 Wm-2 (the parameter BC + OM is the soot component that appears as a result of fossil fuel burning). About 10% (by mass) BC constitutes aerosol formed in biomass burning, for which RF values were obtained from 0.16Wm-2 to -0.74Wm-2, whereas the radiation absorbed by aerosol varies within 0.75 Wm-2 to 2Wm"2. 

Barr et al. (2003) performed an analysis of the impact of phytogenic aerosol (PhA) which is defined as forming mainly due to monoterpene oxidation (primarily, a- and /3-pinenes), on the radiative regime of the ABL over the forest in the eastern part of Canada. In the forest ecosystem the level of emissions to the atmosphere of biogenic hydrocarbons is moderate, with the concentration of a- and /3-pinenes constituting about 1.6 ppb. NMHC oxidation resulted in the formation of PhA at a number density of particles of about 5 108 cm 3. For a given concentration and size distribution of aerosol, its impact on the short-wave radiation transfer in the ABL was assessed. 

The industrial PNC process is based on the development of efficient photoreactors. Toray designed an immersion lamp with a high radiation efficiency and capacity as well as long life. In order to remove the short-wave radiation below 365 nm (which contributes to tar formation on the lamps) either an absorbent is added to the cooling water, or the light source is surrounded by a glass filter264. 

Problem Most of the Earth s thermal energy is received from the short wave radiation of the sun. Although it receives radiation from other bodies in space, it is negligible compared to with the solar energy. Incoming solar energy is at approximately at the same intensity as when it left the surface of the sun, before it enters the earth s atmosphere. However once it enters the atmosphere approximately 6% is reflected by particles in the atmosphere, 16% is absorbed by the atmosphere, 20-30% is reflected by the clouds, and 3% is absorbed by the clouds. On any given day all of these factors can limit the amount of net solar radiation received by a solar panel. 

The effect of light has been studied, but the results are not consistent. Some decomposition may take place with the production of a reddish deposit, and the spontaneously inflammable fraction may be destroyed. The amounts and intensities of the short-wave radiations as well as other conditions were not known or controlled by the earlier investigators.7,8... 

Chlorine azide gas, with a sweetish odor similar to that of HCIO, is an extremely dangerous expl. It expl violently in contact with a flame, on exposure to sunlight and sometimes even spontaneously (Refs 1,5,6,7, 10,11 12). Gleu (Ref 4) found ClN decompd at 400° and 2 mm press without expln into the elements, N2 and CI2. Decompn was accompanied by red radiation and intense short wave radiation in the blue and ultraviolet regions. Pannetier (Ref 13) observed that the deton of pure ClN, by a simple electric spark, resulted in a continous spectrum from ultraviolet CO red with max intensity at 5000-5500A°, The kinetics of expln corresponded to complete rupture of the mol, recombination of the individual atoms giving rise to the spectra. Expln of ClNj occurred at all press above 0.1 mm (Ref 14). 

The attention of the climate change research community was initially focused largely on radiative forcings by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases. However, since about 1990 this community has increasingly become aware that atmospheric aerosols exert a substantial influence on Earth s short-wave radiation budget, i.e., at... 

Figure 26 Calculated relation between albedo and the number concentration of eloud droplets. The sloping line shows the relation between the albedo (at various levels of the atmosphere and globally) as a function of an increase in number concentration of cloud-droplets, A cd- The four ordinates show the perturbation in eloud-top albedo (left axis), TOA albedo above marine stratus (first right axis), global-mean albedo (second right axis), and global-mean eloud radiative forcing (far right axis). The fractional atmospheric transmittance of short-wave radiation above the eloud layer was taken as 76%. The dotted line indieates the perturbations resulting from a 30% inerease in Ned (Charlson et al., 1992) (reproduced by permission of American Association for the Advancement of Seience from Science,...

Coloured container glasses are important for protection of foodstuffs and beverages from harmful effects of short-wave radiation this component of radiation is most effectively absorbed by brown glass, which is also more convenient from the standpoint of technology, as it transmits thermal radiation better at the melting temperatures. 

The water layer transmits short wave radiation almost completely unweakened. This does not hold for wavelengths A > 0.95 m. Here will be immeasurably small for s = 1.0m. As the sun, according to Example 5.3, mainly radiates in a region of short wavelengths, 36% of the total solar radiation penetrating the water will still pass through it to a depth of 1.0 m. In contrast, the mainly long wave radiation from earthly sources will already be completely absorbed in a water layer of around 2mm thickness [5.17]. 

Here, t e is the reflectivity of the earth s surface for short wave radiation originating from the sun it is also known as the Albedo in meteorology. t e can be calculated from information about the absorptivity of solar radiation, given in the following section 5.4.5. The reflectivity of the atmosphere is indicated by rAti it is small and, according to [5.42], can be calculated from... 

Extremely short-wave radiation, e.g., hard X rays. 

The parameters have been adjusted to monthly vertical profiles of short-wave radiation in the Baltic Sea measured by Czysek et al. (1979). The coefficients are determined by searching the minimum standard deviation for both /(z) and ln(/(z)) from data. For Baltic Sea water the best approximation for the yearly averaged profile is = 0.15 m, 2 = 3.31 m, and r = 0.521 (Schmidt, 2002), Especially the parameter d, which determines the radiation at larger depth, is smaller than half of the value found by Paulson and Simpson (1977) for turbid water. 

The importance of ozone as a shield against damaging short-wave radiation reaching the Earth requires an understanding of its existence and the recently observed stratospheric depletion. 

The general ability to respond to short-wave radiation by downward migration is also seen in fish [19]. When placed in the quartz cylinders with three replicate treatments of visible, visible plus UV-A, and visible plus UV-A and B, cod larvae distributed themselves evenly throughout the vertical extent of the cylinder (15 cm) under the visible and visible +UV-A treatments. In the treatments exposed to visible -I-UV-A and B larvae were consistently found at the bottom of the cylinders, particularly at peak solar intensity. This was observable even on the first few days of the treatments when mortality or morbidity was not a factor. Such UVR avoidance also seems, for fish, to rely on UV-A receptors that have been found in a variety of fish species [20-22], yet as with crustacean invertebrates fish also seem unable to detect UV-B. 

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