Long wave radiation

Long-wave radiation (infrared radiation) is in the range of 0.8-100 i.m, short-wave radiation (visible as light) is in the range 0.4-0.8 [Lin, and solar radiation is in the range 0.3-3.0 juim. 

In the simulation, the time dependency of the energy release of such sources is defined in so-called schedules. The heat sources transfer energy to the room air by convection and to the surfaces by long-wave radiation. In principle, heat sources can be modeled by two kinds of parameterization ... 

The formulation of outgoing long-wave radiation is based on the results... 

Program DAV10 is an 18 reservoir energy balance climate using the long wave radiation formulation of Kuhn et al. (1989) in LWFLUX Albedo formulation of Thompson and Barron in SWALSEDO with land and sea ice. 

The emitted long-wave radiation was very constant and maintained in values of -410 W/m2... 

Several polyheterocyclic compounds containing a condensed 1,2,4-triazole nucleus, such as 3,5-disubstituted thiazolo [2,3-r][ 1,2,4] triazoles, are thermostabilizers for polypropylene and polycaproamide <2003MI2>. Triazolo[3,4-A][l,3]benzothiazoledicarbonitrile derivatives are used to prepare hexazocyclanes-fluorophores as active media for liquid and solid lasers, scintillators, and for transformation of short-wave radiation to long-wave radiation <2004RUP2238276>. 

Under submerged conditions, temperatures in the soil and water depend on the depth of the water and on the density of the plant canopy, as well as on meteorological conditions. The water transmits incident short-wave radiation to the soil but it also insulates the soil against emission of long wave radiation. The full plant canopy transmits 90 % of the short-wave infrared radiation (i.e. half the total short-wave). Hence there is a greenhouse effect and consequently the soil and water temperatures tend to be higher than the air temperature. Evaporative cooling reduces the surface water temperature and drives convection currents, so the water tends to be well mixed. 

The most common sources and sinks of heat are short-wave radiation (sunshine), long-wave radiation (such as from a radiator), and heat sources and sinks from reactions. There are also boundary sources and sinks, such as evaporation and freezing. Application of equation (4.4) will be demonstrated through the following examples. 

The electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into distinct ranges from low-energy long-wave radiation to high-energy short-wave X rays and beyond (Fig. 3). From a spectroscopic point of view, the basis of these different ranges is the nature or type... 

Radiation from salt water surface to the wetted cover is the largest loss, but there seems to be no assurance that it can be reduced. There is some evidence that microscopic roughening of the underside of the cover may render that surface reflective for the bulk of the long wave radiation (peaking at about 8 to 10 microns) from the water surface, without appreciably reducing its transparency for short wave solar radiation. However, even a thin film of condensate on the cover is an effective absorber for thermal radiation, so the benefit of a thermally reflective cover may not be realized in ordinary basin-type stills. 

If the radiation from the basin water to the still cover could be eliminated or substantially reduced, a large gain in productivity would be effected. To accomplish this, it would be necessary to have a cover, the underside of which would reflect long-wave radiation emitted by the water surface. The ideal cover would transmit all incoming radiation, both long- and short-wave length, and reflect all radiation emanating from the basin water. Because such a cover is theoretically not attainable, the next best... 

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