Shock luminescence

Shock Luminescence. Some transparent materials give off copious amounts of light when shocked to a high pressure, and thus they can serve as shock arrival-time indicators. A technique used by McQueen and Fritz (1982) to measure arrival times of release waves is based on the reduction of shock-induced luminescence as the shock pressure is relieved. Bromoform, fused quartz, and a high-density glass have been used for their shock luminescence properties. 

P.D. Horn and Y.M. Gupta, Wavelength Shift of the Ruby Luminescence R Lines Under Shock Compression, Appl. Phys. Lett. 49, 856-858 (1986). 

Mellor (Ref 5) reports that a mixt of K and phosgene explds when subjected to shock, and that vapors of Na and phosgene react with luminescence at about 260° (Ref 4), ... 

Reacts with vapors of sodium with luminescence at about 260°C. Reacts explosively with thionyl chloride or potassium reacts violently with hexafluoro isopropylidene, amino lithium, ammonia, and strong acids reacts with tert-butyl azidoformate to form explosive carbide reacts with 24-hexadiyn-l, 6-diol to form 2, 4-hexadiyn-l, 6-bischloro-formate, a shock-sensitive compound reacts with isopropyl alcohol to form isopropyl chloroformate and hydrogen chloride thermal decomposition may occur in the presents of iron salts and result in explosion. 

Sodium ignites in fluorine gas but is inert in the liquefied gas [1]. Cold sodium ignites in moist chlorine [2] but may be distilled unchanged in the dry gas [1]. Sodium and liquid bromine appear to be unreactive on prolonged contact [3], but mixtures may be detonated violently by mechanical shock [4]. Finely divided sodium luminesces in bromine vapour [1], Iodine bromide or iodine chloride react slowly with sodium, but mixtures will explode under a hammer-blow [1]. Interaction of iodine pentafluoride with solid sodium is initially vigorous, but soon slows with film-formation, while that with molten sodium is explosively violent... 

Attenuation (decay) of shock waves (Refs 10, 37, 46, 77) Energy in shock waves (Refs 40 72) Ionization in shock waves (Ref 53) Light (luminescence) produced by shock waves (Refs 19 21) Spectra of shock waves (Ref 30) Temperature in shock waves (Refs 9, 38 48) Velocity of shock waves (Refs 18a, 24 ... 

From similar space-time high-speed camera studies of the shock initiation to detonation of NMe, Cook et al (Ref 9) observed a flasb-across phenomenon in which, an apparent wave of luminescence originated in the explosive behind the initial compression front and propagated at a reported velocity of 35 mm/ftsec to overtake the initial compression front. This "flash, across phenomenon was interpreted as a heat transfer wave caused by a sudden increase in the thermal conductivity of the shock-compressed NMe. The phenomenon was taken as a direct observation of the "heat pulse , which Cook et al had predicted in 1955 (Ref 2)... 

It is known that initiation of solid TNT to explosion cannot be caused by local heating to high.temperature, unless the material contains some bubbles of gas, such as air, At, etc. This means that the presence of gas bubbles is of importance, although they do not seem to take part in the chem reaction. The luminescence of these gases on shock heating plays the decisive role. By 2-color pyrometry with electronic amplification the temp... 

At the end of the fifties, Ya.B. gave a qualitative picture of the structure of shock waves with radiation transfer taken into account [20], In front of a compression shock there is a layer heated by radiation from the compressed gas. Behind the discontinuity there is a temperature peak. The simultaneously developed quantitative theory of these effects allowed detailed explanation of the experimentally observed patterns of luminescence of the front in strong shock waves and of the radiation in the early stage of a fire ball in... 

Devoisselle JM, Begu S, Toume-Peteilh C, Desmettre T, Mordon S. In vivo behavior of long-circulating liposomes in blood vessels in hamster inflammation and septic shock models use of intravital fluorescence microscopy. Luminescence 2001, 16, 73-78. 

Bioluminescence Observations in Isolated Plankters. The use of plankton chambers for the photoelectric recording of flash responses from luminescent dinoflagellates (35, 36), calanoid copepods, and other zoo-plankters (8, 37, 38) is not novel. Although artificial stimuli (electrical and condenser shocks or vacuum and formaldehyde-solution stimulation) were... 

Luminescence is light emission from materials caused by other processes, such as light absorption, chemical reaction, impact with electrons, radioactivity, or mechanical shock. 

Triboluminescence (from the Greek word, tribos, a rubbing) is luminescence that is produced by a mechanical shock to a crystal. It is readily observed in striking or grinding sugar crystals. 

The impurity-induced crystallization of amorphous nanoinclusions. It was established that donor or acceptor impurities in Si can stimulate the near-room temperature crystallization [7]. It can increase the number of nanocrystals and enhance the luminescence. For the case of impurity implantation, the crystallization can also be caused by shock mechanism - at the interaction of the projectile with amorphous inclusions [8]. 

As the fireball rose into the air, Joseph W. Kennedy reports, the overcast of strato-cumulus clouds directly overhead [became] pink on the underside and well illuminated, as at a sunrise. Weisskopf noticed that the path of the shock wave through the clouds was plainly visible as an expanding circle all over the sky where it was covered by clouds. When the red glow faded out, writes Edwin McMillan, a most remarkable effect made its appearance. The whole surface of the ball was covered with a purple luminescence, like that produced by the electrical excitation of the air, and caused undoubtedly by the radioactivity of the material in the ball. ... 

The shapes of the interatomic potential curves are approximations chosen for mathematical convenience. Such potential functions are generally used in discussions on a variety of properties of molecules and lattices optical absorption and luminescence, laser action, infrared spectroscopy, melting, thermal expansion coefficients, surface chemistry, shock wave processes, compressibility, hardness, physisorption and chemisorption rates, electrostriction, and piezoelectricity. The lattice energies and the vibration frequencies of ionic solids are well accounted for by such potentials. On heating, the atoms acquire a higher vibrational energy and an increasing vibrational amplitude until their amplitude is 10-15% of the interatomic distance, at which point the solid melts. 

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