Condensation shocks

Weak detonations are believed to represent the condensation shocks observed in supersonic wind tunnels [12], [51]. Supercooled water vapor in a supersonic stream has been observed to condense rapidly through a narrow wave. The amount of liquid formed is so small that the equations for purely gaseous waves are expected to apply approximately. Since a normal shock wave would raise the temperature above the saturation point (thus ruling out the ZND structure, for example), and the flow is observed to be supersonic downstream from the condensation wave, it appears reasonable to assume that condensation shocks are weak detonations. This hypothesis may be supported by the fact that unlike chemical reaction rates, the rate of condensation increases as the temperature decreases. Proposals that weak detonations also represent various processes occurring in geological transformations have been presented [52]. 

Bioluminescence Observations in Isolated Plankters. The use of plankton chambers for the photoelectric recording of flash responses from luminescent dinoflagellates (35, 36), calanoid copepods, and other zoo-plankters (8, 37, 38) is not novel. Although artificial stimuli (electrical and condenser shocks or vacuum and formaldehyde-solution stimulation) were... 

Thompson, P.A. and Sullivan,D.A. On the possibility of complete condensation shock waves in retrograde fluids,... 

Blythe, P.A., Shih,C.J. Condensation shocks in nozzle flows. J.Fluid Mech. 76 (1976) 593-621. 

In this paper we have described all the major features of stationary and moving, partly and fully dispersed, normal shock waves in wet steam. Numerical calculation schemes have been developed which accurately predict the phenomena in one-dimensional steady and unsteady flow. The results of the analysis have application in the interpretation of oscillating condensation shock patterns in nozzles and turbine cascades and work is in progress to extend the applicability of the numerical techniques to deal with these, more complicated, flows. 

Class, G., Raff, S., Meyder, R., 1987. The mechanism of violent condensation shocks. Int J. Multiphase Flow 13, 33 6. 

Hamilton D C, Mitchell A C and Nellis W J 1986 Electrical conductivity measurements in shock compressed liquid nitrogen Shock M/aves in Condensed Matter (Proc. 4th Am. Phys. Soc. Top. Conf.) p 473... 

Trunin R F 1998 Shock Compression of Condensed Maffer (Cambridge Cambridge University Press)... 

Schmidt S C, Dandekar D P and Forbes J W (eds) 1998 Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, 1997 (AlP Conf. Proc. vol 429) (College... 

Thermal shock failures using water result from the water vapor entering the enamel layer through small, submicroscopic cracks formed at the instant of shock. The water condenses in the cracks and in the bubbles of the enamel traversed by the cracks. On subsequent heating, the vapor from the entrapped water expands to cause spalling of the enamel layer. Other quenchant Hquids, such as toluene, oils, and other organic Hquids, also cause fine, almost invisible cracks, but thermal shock failures do not result with these quenchants on subsequent heating (39). 

Asay, J.R., L.C. Chhabildas, T.G. Trucano, and G.I. Kerley (1986), High Pressure Strength of Shocked Aluminum, in Shock Waves in Condensed Matter (edited by Y.M. Gupta), Plenum, New York, pp. 145-149. 

Barker, L.M. (1984), Shock Waves in Condensed Matter (edited by J.R. Asay, R.A. Graham, and G.K. Straub), Elsevier Science, New York, pp. 217-224. 

Bauer, F. (1982), Behavior of Ferroelectric Ceramics and PVF2 Polymers Under Shock Loading, in Shock Waves in Condensed Matter—1981 (edited by W.J. Nellis, L. Seaman, and R.A. Graham) American Institute of Physics, New York, pp. 251-267. 

Shock-wave data have seen most applications in the measurement of density at high pressure. Other properties of compressed condensed materials whose measurements are discussed in this chapter include sound speed and temperature. Review articles by Grady (1977), Yakushev (1978), Davison and Graham (1979), Murri et al. (1974), Al tshuler (1965), and Miller and Ahrens (1991) summarize experimental techniques for measuring dynamic yielding. 

As further discussed in several review articles on shock compression (Al tshuler, 1965 Davison and Graham, 1979 McQueen et al., 1970), Hugoniot data for many condensed media may be described over varying ranges of pressure and density in terms of a linear relation of shock and particle velocity. 

The study of shock-wave equations of state of porous materials provides a means to expand knowledge of the equation of state of condensed materials to higher temperatures at a given volume than can be achieved along the principal Hugoniot. Materials may be prepared in porous form via pressing... 

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