Shale specific gravity

Undesirable solids are drilled cuttings and those solids sloughed into the borehole. They usually occur in all size ranges from colloidal to coarse. The specific gravity of commonly encountered drilled solids ranges from 2.35 (shale), through 2.65 (sand), 2.69 (limestone), to 2.85 (dolomite) see Table 4-57 [29]. 

ALBERTITE. An oxygenated hydrocarbon that differs from asphaltum slightly in that it is not completely soluble in turpentine, nor can it be perfectly fused. Specific gravity. 1.097, pitchy luster, dark brown to black color. Occurs in veins from 1 to 16 feet (0.3 to 5 meters) wide in the Albert Shale of Albert County, New Brunswick. 

Shale oil and a fuel gas have been produced by microwaveheating oil shale in a standard microwave oven in conjunction with experimentation to develop an in situ microwave retorting process. Various grades of oil shale have been subjected to high microwave fields. The derived oil has been submitted to various physical and chemical testing methods, and the chemical composition of the evolved gas has been evaluated. The specific gravity pour point yields of oil, water, gas, and losses and spent shale are compared with parallel data obtained with the Fischer assay procedure. Important differences in oil flow properties and gas composition are discussed in view of microwave interactive theory. 

It was discovered in 1825 by Faraday in a liquid obtained by compressing oil gas made from shale or bituminous coal, and in 1845 Hofmann found it in coal tar. It is obtained from the fraction of coal tar distillate, boiling at 8o°-iio°. It boils at 79° and melts at 5.4°. Its specific gravity is 0.90 (0°). It is a colorless, light, mobile liquid that burns readily in the air with a smoky flame due to its large amount of carbon. 

In the Whitby Formation, the available FA oil yields (59 samples) are less than 60 litres/tonne (14 U.S. gallons/ton). This oil has a specific gravity in the range 0.893 to 0.942. Twenty FA determinations on Kettle Point samples revealed oil yields up to 72 1/t (17 gal/ton) with specific gravity in the range 0.896 to 0.956. Few FA analyses of Marcellus shales are available the highest oil yield to date is 64 1/t (15.4 gal/ton). 

In the procedure described here a method analogous to the collection of distillation cuts was employed. Ihe shale was subjected to a low specific gravity and the float fraction collected. Ihe sink fraction was subjected to an incrementally higher specific gravity and the float fraction collected. The procedure was repeated until very little material remained. In this manner a series of samples, differing primarily by organic to rock ratio, was collected. 

Smith, J. W. "Specific Gravity-Oil Yield Relationships of Two Colorado Oil Shale Cores," Ind. Eng. Chem. 1956, 48, 441. 

Correlation of Grade with Specific Gravity. Correlation between density of oil-shale rock and the rock s organic content have been known for some time. For example, Frost and Stanfield (2), and Smith and co-workers (9, 10, 11) have... 

Specific Gravity. The specific gravities of the Shale-II jet fuels (one sample of each type) were very similar to each other, met specification requirements, and were about the same as that of an average petroleum derived fuel. The two Shale-II DEM specific gravities were very similar but slightly lower than that of an average petroleum derived fuel. 

The specific gravity and composition of hydrotreated shale oil are compared to a syncrude from coal. Note that we have converted crude shale oil to syncrude with much less hydrogen than would be required for a similar product from coal 1,350 SCF per barrel compared with 6,000 SCF per barrel or more, and made a higher quality product, as indicated by the composition and carbon/hydrogen ratio. 

Shale oil sha(9)l (1857) n. An oil obtained by destructive distillation from shale tar, which, in turn, is obtained by distilling shale. Shale is a bituminous type of mineral, mined similarly to bituminous coal, and is found in many places throughout the world. Shale oil varies in specific gravity from 0.750 to 0.850. Usmani AM (ed) (1997) Asphalt science and technology. Marcel Dekker, New York. 

The density or specific gravity change of the shale particle to three-dimensional diffusion will result in a three-dimensional expansion. The incremental change in each direction may be calculated independently using the unidirectional expression... 

Another way to separate nitrogen compounds from hydrotreated shale oil products is by adsorption chromatography. Experiments have been conducted where basic and neutral alumina have been used to separate shale oil into specific nitrogen-type fractions. Both a pumped-flow and gravity-flow method were executed. However, it was determined that the pumped-flow procedure was better since it enabled more control over experimental parameters such as flow rate. This separation scheme could be very useful because it has been applied to shale oil products produced under different hydrotreating conditions... 

To capture combined effects of surface area and pore water ionic state, the Reactivity Coefficient X has been defined and used for shale (Fam et al. 20(X)). It is a dimensionless number, the product of specific surface, Sa, mineral gravity, Oj, water density, p , and adsorbed layer thickness, 6 ... 

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