Shale distillates

The characterization of the heavy distillate charges is contained in Table VI. Sulfur levels were 9700 ppm for petroleum, 1500 ppm for the coal liquid, and 5900 ppm for the shale. Nitrogen again is a paramount problem with a 3600-ppm concentration in the coal heavy distillate and 1.04 wt % in the shale liquid. This contrasts to 303 ppm nitrogen in the petroleum material. Total metals were 3.3 ppm for the petroleum heavy cut, 17.2 ppm for the coal material, and 478-ppm total metals in the shale distillate. 

Saltpetre, Norwegian, 13, 27 plantations for, 12 prismatic, U Saturators, 40 Schimose, 100 Schlempe, 36, 72, 76 Schonherr furnace, 25 Schultr.e smokeless powder, 114 Securite, 103, 113 Serpek process, 57 Sewage, ammonia recovery from, 37 Shale, distillation of, 36 Siepermann s process. 73 Silesia powder, 104 Silicon, 104... 

Little information is available about the long term behavior of the filler substances when immersed in sea water and under irradiation. Bitumen is known to become brittle and crack below room temperature. As Furfurol(F) is a patented material, information about its composition and behavior was not available to the Group, and long term behavior is, in any case, difficult to predict. It is known to be a mixture of the following constituents epoxy resin, amine type solidifier, mineral filler, shale distillate and furfuryl alcohol [26]. An effective lifetime of SOO years is quoted in the White Book [1] for this material. 

Temperature and Product Yields. Most oil shale retorting processes are carried out at ca 480°C to maximize liquid product yield. The effect of increasing retort temperature on product type from 480 to 870°C has been studied using an entrained bed retort (17). The oil yield decreased and the retort gas increased with increased retorting temperature the oil became more aromatic as temperature increased, and maximum yields of olefinic gases occurred at about 760°C. Effects of retorting temperatures on a distillate fraction (to 300°C) are given in Table 6. 

Utilisa tion of shale oil products for petrochemical production has been studied (47—51). The effects of prerefining on product yields for steam pyrolysis of shale oil feed and the suitabiUty of Green River shale oil as a petrochemical feedstock were investigated. Pyrolysis was carried out on the whole oil, vacuum distillate, and mildly, moderately, and severely hydrogenated vacuum distillates. 

Petroleum refining, also called petroleum processing, is the recovery and/or generation of usable or salable fractions and products from cmde oil, either by distillation or by chemical reaction of the cmde oil constituents under the effects of heat and pressure. Synthetic cmde oil, produced from tar sand (oil sand) bitumen, and heavier oils are also used as feedstocks in some refineries. Heavy oil conversion (1), as practiced in many refineries, does not fall into the category of synthetic fuels (syncmde) production. In terms of Hquid fuels from coal and other carbonaceous feedstocks, such as oil shale (qv), the concept of a synthetic fuels industry has diminished over the past several years as being uneconomical in light of current petroleum prices. 

Brand-messer, tn. pyrometer. -mittel, n. escharotic remedy for burns remedy for gangrene. -81, n. empyreumatic oil (obtained by d tructive distillation), -pilz, tn. smut fungus, -probe, /. Are test. Are assay, -riss, tn. Are crack, -salbe,/. salve for burns, -satz, tn. (Mil.) an incendiary composition, -schsden, tn. damage from Are. -schiefer, tn. bituminous shale, -silber, n. reAned silver, -stein, m. brick, brandstiftend, a. incendiary. 

Richard, J. J., and Junk, G. A., Steam Distillation, Solvent Extraction, and Ion Exchange for Determining Polar Organics in Shale Process Waters. Anal. Chem, 1984. 56 pp. 1625-1628. 

Man has served as the unintentional guinea pig for the identification of some major classes of carcinogens. These include the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), or polyarenes, which have been identified as the active components of soot, which was recognized by the London surgeon Percivall Pott two centuries ago as responsible for cancer of the scrotum in chimney sweeps. Subsequently, polycyclic hydrocarbons have been implicated as agents responsible for skin cancer in other occupations such as shale oil distillation and mule spinning in the cotton industry. 

Clark, C. R., et al., Comparative dermal carcinogenesis of shale and petroleum-derived distillates, Toxicol. Ind. Health, 4, 11, 1988. 

Easley JR, Holland JM, Gipson FC, et al. 1982. Renal toxicity of middle distillates of shale oil and petroleum in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 65 84-9L... 

Physical Form. JP-4 is a colorless to straw-colored liquid with the odor of gasoline and/or kerosene. JP-7 is a liquid, usually colorless and with the odor of kerosene. JP-4 can be made by refining either crude petroleum oil or shale oil. It is called a wide cut fuel because it is produced from a broad distillation temperature range and contains a wide array of carbon chain lengths, from 4- to 16. It consists of approximately 13% (v/v) aromatic hydrocarbons, 1.0% olefins, and 86% saturated hydrocarbons. JP-7 is made by refining kerosene, a product of refined crude petroleum. It was developed for use in advanced supersonic jets because of its thermal stability and high flash point. ... 

Clark CR et al Comparative acute toxicity of shale oil and petroleum derived distillates. Toxicol Ind Health 6 1005, 1989... 

Oil shale deposits are found throughout the world. In 1838, the first oil shale industry was developed in France to distill oil shale for use as lamp fuel. In 1862, production began in Scotland. The oil shale industry in France was operational until the 1950s, but the Scottish industry continued for about 100 years until the high-grade oil shale reserves were depleted. Other processes were later developed in Estonia, China, and the United States. 

Utilization of coal and oil shale to produce liquid and gaseous synfuels results in the generation of many hazardous sub-tances. Workers in these synfuel plants are likely to be exposed to potentially carcinogenic materials present in coal tars and oils. Among the various pathways of exposure, skin contamination by direct contact transfer or by adsorption of vapors and particulates into the skin presents a serious occupational health hazard. The skin irritant and potential carcinogenic properties of raw syncrudes and their distillate fractions have been reported (1. 2, 3). 

In order to produce an aqueous solution which fulfills these criteria, 120 g each of basalt, quartz monzonite, and shale were ground to powders less than 37 m in diameter. Each of the samples was placed in two liters of distilled-deionized water which had been pre-equilibrated with an atmosphere containing 10 percent CO2, 90 percent Ar, and 10 ppm Og. The experiment was carried out in an inert atmosphere box at room temperature (26 + 2°C). Samples of the fluid (10 ml) were extracted at various times over a 35-day period and filtered (O.OSpm). Analyses for Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Al, Si02 (aq). Eh, and pH were made on each sample. The experiment was terminated at the end of 846 hours and analyses for HCO3, SO4, and Cl were made on each of the fluids. 

Isopropanol has been detected in trace quantities in some samples of drinking-water in the United States and as a constitutent of tar-water resulting from the distillation of shale tar. It has also been detected in the volatile fractions of grapefruit essence oil, roasted filbert nuts, lime essence. Reunion geranium oil, Finns densiflora logs and milk products (lARC, 1977). 

In general these substances are widely distributed in the acid distillates but appear to increase in number at two stratigraphic levels (1) in the middle Silurian McKenzie Limestone and (2) in the middle Devonian shales. Furthermore, possible two- and three-ring aromatic or heteroaromatic structures show similar increases. There is also a rough correlation with the Kjeldahl nitrogen content of the samples (Table VI). 

---