Shale separation

Analysis of sand and shale separates from the lower part of the LP-1 core (Fig. 3C) shows that shale intervals have consistently higher As contents than interbedded sandstones, but aqueous arsenic contents are no different in shale-hosted intervals than in aquifer sands. The lack of correlation between arsenic contents in water and cores, the unaltered character of pyrite within the cores, and the suboxic nature of the water, all suggest that pyrite oxidation is not occurring at depth in the test wells. 

Three-Lick Bed. Unit consists of three greenish-gray bioturbated shales separated by two black shale beds. Pyrite, present as infilling in burrows and calcisiltite bands are found. 19.6-11.6 thick in study cores. 

Figure 5 illustrates an impermeable but discontinuous shale separating an upper sand from an underlying constant pressure aquifer. The sands are penetrated by a vertical well, which is a distance L (m) from the gap in the shale. The upper sand has a thickness H (m), the shale has a thickness h (m) and the width of the gap is /... 

Rotated fault blocks like Smorbukk and the Halten Vest high-pressure structures have a general morphology as illustrated in Figure 21 and the shales separating the reservoir sands... 

Formulate the boundary value problem for two parallel shales separated by a fixed distance and inclined relative to the flow. Repeat this exercise for an array of parallel shales. How would you use periodic boundary conditions to simplify the formulation when large numbers of shales are involved Can arrays of shales be modeled by 0 solutions alone ... 

Bioturbation, due to the burrowing action of organisms, may connect sand layers otherwise separated by clay laminae, thus enhancing vertical permeability. On the other hand, bioturbation may homogenise a layered reservoir resulting in an unproducible sandy shale. 

A wet-process plant maldug cement from shale and hmestoue has been described by Bergstrom [Roc/c Prod., 64—71 (June 1967)]. There are separate facilities for grinding each type of stone. The ball mill operates in closed circuit with a battery of Dutch State Mines screens. Material passing the screens is 85 percent minus 200 mesh. The entire process is extensively instrumented and controlled by computer. Automatic devices sample crushed rock, slurries, and finished product for chemical analysis by X-rav fluorescence. Mill circuit feed rates and water additions are governed by conventional controllers. 

Indeed, great emphasis was placed on the presentation of compounds in crystalline form for many years, early chromatographic procedures for the separation of natural substances were criticized because the products were not crystalline. None the less, the invention by Tswett (3) of chromatographic separation by continuous adsorption/desorption on open columns as applied to plant extracts was taken up by a number of natural product researchers in the 1930s, notably by Karrer (4) and by Swab and lockers (5). An early example (6) of hyphenation was the use of fluorescence spectroscopy to identify benzo[a]pyrene separated from shale oil by adsorption chromatography on alumina. 

The normally good lubricating qualities of mud can be lost if cuttings, particularly fine sand, are not effectively separated from the mud. Adequate settling pits and shale shakers usually eliminate this trouble. Desanders are used occasionally. 

Rock Mechanical Properties. In the previous section (Figure 4-313), the wear of the bit teeth can be determined in shales by plotting the dimensionless bit torque (T, ) versus the dimensionless ROP (R,). By introducing a new parameter, namely the apparent formation strength, the bit effects can be separated from the lithology effects. 

The recovery of petroleum from sandstone and the release of kerogen from oil shale and tar sands both depend strongly on the microstmcture and surface properties of these porous media. The interfacial properties of complex liquid agents—mixtures of polymers and surfactants—are critical to viscosity control in tertiary oil recovery and to the comminution of minerals and coal. The corrosion and wear of mechanical parts are influenced by the composition and stmcture of metal surfaces, as well as by the interaction of lubricants with these surfaces. Microstmcture and surface properties are vitally important to both the performance of electrodes in electrochemical processes and the effectiveness of catalysts. Advances in synthetic chemistry are opening the door to the design of zeolites and layered compounds with tightly specified properties to provide the desired catalytic activity and separation selectivity. 

Uintaite is not easily water wet with most surfactants. Thus, stable dispersions of uintaite are often difficult to achieve, particularly in the presence of salts, calcium, solids and other drilling fluid contaminants and/or in the presence of diesel oil. The uintaite must be readily dispersible and must remain water wet otherwise it will coalesce and be separated from the drilling fluid, along with cuttings at the shale shaker or in the circulating pits. Surfactants and emulsifiers are often used with uintaite drilling mud additives. 

Acids were an early exception to the no water rule. It was recognized that aqueous solutions of acids would inhibit swelling of clays and shales as well as dissolve any acid-soluble minerals contained in a formation. By 1933 commercial well stimulation with hydrochloric acid was of great interest. A whole separate methodology and treatment chemistry has since evolved around acidizing and fracture acidizing(54). Water emulsions, mainly emulsified acids, and gelled acids thickened with polymeric additives were applied early in the history of well treatment. 

The current research objective is to evaluate the surface activity of the subfractions obtained from the solvent fractionated crude oil and shale oil samples as they are passed through the separation process developed for this work. The columns used are anion exchange resin,... 

The uppermost bedrock in northwest Alberta consists of a Cretaceous succession of nearly horizontal and poorly-indurated marine shales of the Fort St. John Group (Loon River and Shaftesbury formations) and Smoky Group, separated by deltaic to marine sandstones of the Dunvegan Formation (Okulitch 2006). A large structural feature, the Great Slave Lake Shear Zone (GSLSZ) cuts across the study area (Eaton Hope 2003). 

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