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Sex pheromones attracting and stimulating

Chemical cues are important to advertise one s sex and to attract the opposite sex as the first step in sexual behavior. Other functions of sexual signals are to signal current sexual status and to alter the behavior of the potential partner(s) via courtship or scent marking to facilitate mating. Typically, the odor of the opposite sex is attractive, at least in the breeding season. (Priming pheromones are covered separately in Chapter 8.) [Pg.171]

Traditionally, French fishermen have used the male sex attractant of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. They bait a trap with an adult male and catch numerous females at night. Land-locked sea lamprey such as those in the Great Lakes of North America spawn in streams. Males arrive before the females and build nests. In laboratory choice experiments, ovulating females selected water from spermiating males and increased their searching behavior there. In a natural stream, females responded to male odors from as far as 65 m. The active [Pg.171]

All male fish pheromones are steroidal (Sorensen and Stacey, 1990). Many male fish release chemicals that attract females, stimulate them to spawn, and inhibit their aggression. As early as 1982, Liley compiled a long list of examples testes, as in goldfish (Stacey and Hourston, 1982), urogenital fluid, glands on the caudal peduncle (an anal fin appendage), mucus and urine, can be sources of male pheromones. [Pg.172]

Waterborne chemical stimuli from males in breeding condition attract female fathead minnows Pimephaks promelas). Females distinguish these cues from those of other females or sexually regressed males (Cole and Smith, 1992). [Pg.172]

Pacific herring Clupeus harenguspallast) spawn synchronously by the millions near shore, their suspended milt discoloring the water. Small clusters of males start, then activity spreads to an entire school. Spawning lasts several hours in [Pg.172]


Aphids exhibit vivipary and ovipary, depending on environmental conditions. Oviparous aphids are sex pheromone competent, and females attract males with sex pheromonal signals in contrast, viviparous females are unable to produce pheromone (Crema and Bergamini, 1985). The pheromone is produced in tibial plaques, which are absent in viviparous females. The occurrence of vivipary and loss of tibial plaques is triggered by juvenile hormone, under conditions that stimulate vivipary. [Pg.41]

Chemical communication in shrimps is of applied interest as well. Manipulation of male and female behavior with olfactory and contact pheromones to trap or attract a particular set of individuals (e.g., large-sized males or females, reproductive females) in fisheries or aquaculture might be accomplished with sex pheromones, once identified and synthesized (Barki, Jones, and Karplus, Chap. 25). Matings between preferred genotypes might be promoted using sex pheromones to increase attractiveness and stimulate matings of selected individuals with desired traits. [Pg.293]

The word is from the Creek pherein, to carry, and horman, to excite. Even though they are emitted and detected in exceedingiy smaii amounts, pheromones have profound bio-iogicai effects. One of their main effects is sexual attraction and stimulation, but they are also used as alarm substances to alert members of the same species to danger, as aggregation substances to call together both sexes of a species, and as trail substances to lead members of a species to food. [Pg.245]

The male-produced sex pheromone that functions to attract females in Acarus immobilis is composed of a mixture (active at 100-1000 ng) of the male-specific hydrocarbons pentadecane (71), heptadecane (76), (Z)-8-heptadecene (77), and (Z,Z)-6,9-heptadecadiene (78), plus several other hydrocarbons (tridecane (65), pentacosane (86), heptacosane (87), and nonacosane (88)) present in extracts from both sexes. The female-produced sex pheromone that functions as a courtship-stimulating pheromone for males consists of 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzaldehyde... [Pg.96]

Newly eclosed and immature adult females produce relatively little sex pheromone, but bioassays indicate that sex pheromone production increases as the female matures (Valentine, 1931 Happ and Wheeler, 1969) and that this increase can be stimulated by JH III (Menon, 1970, 1976). Unambiguous interpretation of these results is confounded by the fact that the sex pheromone was quantified by bioassay, generally measuring the ability of the female extract to elicit a copulation release (CR) response from the males. However, female T. molitor produces both 4-methylnonanol, which functions as a male attractant... [Pg.149]

Diptera. Cuticular hydrocarbons derived from females have been reported to function as short range sex attractants for all the species of flies that have been examined. (Zj-9-Tricosene was identified as the sex pheromone of the house fly, Musca domestica, whereas C27 and C29 cuticular monoolefins were only weakly active (42). Furthermore, (Z)-9-tricosene was reported to function as a sexual excitant as well, since the incidence of copulatory attempts by male flies was reported to be increased in the presence of this compound. It was subsequently suggested that (Z)-9-heneicosene was an orientation pheromone for male flies, and a 7 3 ratio of the C23 and C21 alkenes was optimal in terms of orientation and mating behavior (43). However, neither hydrocarbon increased the attraction of male flies to moving dummies (44), and it was eventually concluded that these long-chain (zj-9-alkenes functioned primarily as psychedelics with regard to visually stimulated sex attraction and aggregation (45). [Pg.210]

Many chemicals responsible for the sexual stimulation of certain male or female insects have been isolated and characterized. These are usually fairly long chain hydrocarbons, frequently olefinic and often with carbonyl or alcohol or ester terminal functions (see Table 29.17). In addition to sex attractants, there are other types of signal agents. There are chemicals that simulate attractive food entities, danger, and various social insect functions. As with the hormone approach, there appears to be less ecological hazard with the use of pheromones that with more traditional insecticides. Some success has been achieved, usually in locations where the migration of insects is difficult. As an example, an infestation of the oriental fruit fly on Rota (a 3-sq-mile island) was eliminated by the combination of an attractant and the insecticide naled. [Pg.1171]

Among insect pheromones a great number of mono- and polyolefinic compounds are found a lot of them can be obtained by the Wittig reaction. Especially the syntheses of sex attractants of female butterflies and moths, which are mostly mono- and bisunsaturated alcohols, acetates or aldehydes 168), offer a broad field for the application of the Wittig reaction and have stimulated the development of many new stereoselective variants. Thus, the methods of salt-free Wittig reactions (Chapter 2) like the sodium amide method11 31 32, the silazide technique33, potassium in HMPA 34,35 or the use of dipolar aprotic solvents like dimethyl formamide 169>, dimethyl sulfoxide 51,170) or hexamethylphosphoric triamide 51 170) were often used. [Pg.120]


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