Pheromone orientation

Tobin, T. R. (1981). Pheromone orientation role of internal control mechanisms. Science 214 1147-1149. 

In the pheromone orientation system it has been shown how important time aspects are. Several species will not be attracted to a pheromone source unless the stimulus arrives in a pulsed fashion, mimicking the filamentous structure of a natural odor plume. Correlates to this requisite have been found among AL neurons, where both fast neurons, able to code fast fluctuations in concentration, and slow neurons, seemingly only coding qualitative aspects of the plume, are present. 

Kuwana. Y. Nagasawa. S. Shimoyama, I. Manzaki, R. Synthesis of the pheromone-oriented behaviour of silkworm moths by a mobile robot with moth antennae as pheromone sensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1999. 14. 195-202. 

Leuthold, R. H., Bruinsma, O. and Van Huis, A. (1976) Optical and pheromonal orientation and memory for homing distance in the harvester termite, Hodotermes mossambicus (Hagen). Behav, Ecol, SociobioL, 1, 127-39. 

In rabbits, the as yet unidentified maternal signal during lactation has analogous properties in guiding the reliable orientation of suckling, mainly via MOS input (Hudson and Distel, 1986 Schaal et al., unpubl.). Minor fractions may still function as flag contributors, exemplified by the attractiveness of proestrous elephant urine. Male responses show that intact urine is conspicuously more attractive in comparison with the pure insect mammal pheromone (9.) presented in water (Rasmussen et al., 1996). 

Rj-S-Hexadecanolide (27) is the pheromone produced by the queens of the oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis). Yamamoto synthesized (R)-27 by employing an interesting asymmetric process (A—>B) followed by a multi-step conversion of B to (R)-27 via C (Scheme 40) [65]. 

The queen is usually reproductively dominant within the colony and uses chemical cues as both primer and releaser pheromones to suppress the production or fecundity of other sexuals, inhibit reproduction by worker castes, modulate reproductive behaviors (e.g., inhibit swarming and orient swarms), attract males, regulate worker tasks and worker ontogeny, and produce host repellents in slave-making species. Considering the importance of queen semiochemicals in social hymenoptera, few queen pheromones have been chemically identified. The queens of most social hymenopteran colonies are attractive to workers, allowing them to be properly tended as well as to facilitate the dissemination of other pheromone cues. However, the retinue pheromone has been chemically identified in very few species. In the 1980s, queen pheromone components were identified in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta [91,92], and in the Pharaoh s ant, Monomoriumpharaonis [93]. 

Flowers of some orchids mimic both the appearance and sex pheromone of virgin females of certain species of bees or wasps. This sexual deception results in pollination by male hymenoptera that would not normally visit flowers. Japanese honey bee drones (Apis cerana japonica) cluster on the oriental orchid (Cymbidiumpumilum) while on their mating flights [ 134]. By comparing volatile profiles of orchids and the female hymenoptera they mimic, or by GC-EAD and GC-MS analysis of orchid volatiles, several compounds have been identified that may mediate this attraction for the solitary bee Andrena nigroaenea [135, 136] and the scoliid wasp Campsoscolia ciliata [135]. 

Pheromones Multiple products Codling moth, oriental fruit moth Various fruits and vegetables Insecticide... 

After 30 min, a deglanded male was added to each courtship box, and a combination of scan and focal sampling was used to record all occurrences of courtship behaviours. These behaviours included the time of the first occurrence of the male orienting to and physically contacting the female, and the time when the male completed spermatophore deposition. The same male-female pair was observed on a subsequent night when the female received a treatment (saline control or pheromone extract) that was different from the treatment she received on an earlier trial. In this way, each male-female pair was its own control. On each trial night, equal numbers of females were treated with each solution. 

Maier I (1993) Gamete orientation and induction of gametogenesis by pheromones in algae and plants. Plant Cell Environ 16 891-907 Maier I (1995) Brown algal pheromones. Prog Phycol Res 11 51-102... 

Fig. 2 Cartoon illustration of sex pheromone-mediated communication in insects. A female moth advertises her readiness to mate by emitting a chemical signal that permeates the air. Odorant-oriented navigation allows a male to pin-point the pheromone source...

Fig. 4 Gas chromatographic traces of extracts from females of the pale brown chafer Phyl-lopertha diversa monitored by a conventional detector, flame-ionization detector (FID), and a biosensor, electroantennographic detector (EAD), using a male antenna as the sensing element. Although the peak of the sex pheromone (arrow) is hardly seen in the FID trace, its pheromonal activity was initially indicated by the strong EAD peak. Structural elucidation, followed by synthesis and behavioral studies lead to the identification of an unusual sex pheromone, l,3-dimethyl-2,4-(lff,3ff)-quinazolinedione [124]. It is unlikely that this minor compound would be fished out by a bioassay-oriented isolation procedure...

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