Severe acute respiratory

A new coronavirus was quickly identified after the outbreak of an atypical pneumonia in southern China early in 2003. The new virus eventually caused 8,000 infections with approximately 800 deaths in 29 countries. The condition was named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS, and the causative coronavirus named SARS-CoV. The zoonotic nature of the infection came with the identification of a similar virus in bats (Poon et al. 2005), although it is possible that the bat virus passed through other animal hosts and recombined with other SARS-like coron-aviruses prior to infecting humans (Hon et al. 2008). SARS-CoV is not currently circulating in the human population however, the mysterious appearance and rapid spread of this virus emphasized how vulnerable the human population is to such respiratory infections. This has spurred interest in the development of antivirals that could be used either in treatment or as prophylaxis to complement public health measures in curbing future outbreaks. 

SARS-CoV Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus... 

Helicase has also been a focal point for the development of antiviral chemotherapy of the coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans. Although several experimental compounds with nucleic acid binding activity showing effective inhibition of SARS-CoV helicase were reported in 2005, there have been no reports of any further development since that time (Kesel 2005). It remains to be seen whether the S ARS-CoV compounds will be developed further, especially since no new infections have been observed in recent years. 

Sainz B Ir, Mossel EC, Peters CJ, Garry RF (2004) Interferon-beta and interferon-gamma syner-gistically inhibit the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Virology 329 11-17... 

Ni B, Shi X, Li Y, Gao W, Wang X, Wu Y (2005) Inhibition of replication and infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus with plasmid-mediated interference RNA. Antivir Ther 10 527-533... 

Wang Z, Ren L, Zhao X, Hung T, Meng A, Wang J, Chen YG (2004) Inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus replication by small interfering RNAs in mammalian ceUs, J Virol 78 7523-7527... 

Severe, acute respiratory acidosis produces a variety of neurologic abnormalities. Initially these include headache, blurred vision, restlessness, and anxiety. These may progress to tremors, asterixis, somnolence, and/or delirium. If untreated, terminal manifestations include peripheral vasodilation leading to hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias. Chronic respiratory acidosis is typically associated with cor pulmonale and peripheral edema. 

SARS SBCCOM SFIA severe acute respiratory syndrome Soldier Biological and Chemical Command San Francisco International Airport... 

In terminal areas, the air volumes are much greater, and typical HVAC filtration systems do not remove aerosol particles from the air as efficiently as do aircraft Environmental Control Systems (see Chapter 2). Thus, the costs and benefits of various enhanced filtration and air-cleaning strategies would have to be carefully assessed. An ancillary benefit to be considered would be the reduction of the transmission of common ills such as cold and flu viruses (or more serious viruses, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] virus) among airport patrons. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Adenoviruses, arenaviruses, California encephalitis, coxsackieviruses, cytomegalovirus, dengue fever, eastern equine encephalitis, echoviruses, infectious mononucleosis, Japanese encephalitis, Lyme disease, meningitis, parainfluenza virus, rhinoviruses, bacterial sepsis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), St Louis encephalitis, upper respiratory infection, Venezuelan encephalitis, and West Nile encephalitis. 

Researchers at SRMLSC recently developed a HTS that allowed the identification of potential inhibitors of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV) from large compound libraries [34], The luminescent-based assay, which measured the inhibition of SARS CoV-induced cytopathic effects (CPE) in Vero E6 cells, was validated with two different diversity sets of compounds against the SARS CoV. The hit rate for both libraries was approximately 0.01%. 

In addition to MALDI-TOF and LC-MS/MS, SELDI-TOF-MS can also be used to determine expression profiling of various biological samples, such as serum or plasma for early detection of infection. Serum proteomic profiling assay, for instance, has been used to distinguish patients with acute SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) from patients with fever and influenza with 100% accuracy [16]. A major limitation of SELDI-TOF-MS, however, is that it cannot be used for direct amino acid sequence identification of the biomarker proteins, necessitating further sample fractionation and protein purification. 

The field test was conducted from May 2003, towards the end of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Hong Kong, until January 2004. The students taking part in the field tests were properly trained and equipped with medical safety equipment. Air samples collected at the reception area was designated as control samples (Fig. 12.9-12b). The Prototype Unit was located in the doctor s consultation room (Fig. 12.9-12c) and was operated 10 h/day, 6 days/week during the six months test period. 

X. Small molecules blocking the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus into host cells. 

Pogrebnyak, N., Golovkin, M., Andrianov, V., Spitsin, S., Smirnov, Y, Egolf, R., and Koprowski, H. (2005). Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) S protein production in plants development of recombinant vaccine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(25) 9062-9067. 

ACE2 has been implicated in cardiovascular and renal disease, diabetes, pregnancy, and lung disease. Interestingly, it serves as a receptor for coronaviruses including the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. 

Pestilence is a type of virulent infectious disease caused by heat-toxins, such as epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, poliomyelitis and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The warm-febrile diseases develop in the body at four levels, referred to as Wei, Qi, Ying and Xue. In pestilence cases,... 

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