Service-based industries

The value of non-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) chemical production is expected to almost triple by 2020, while in OECD countries it will increase by about only 60% [76]. Western Europe is predicted to experience a large reduction in growth rates when comparing 1990-2000 with predictions for 2000-2010 [76]. The shift towards service-based industries in Western countries at the expense of sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing and durable goods, further implies a move away from chemicals [76]. 

Heinrich s studies, from which his accident prevention philosophy originated, were done in the 1920s. And the workplace has been impacted since then by mechanization, automation, more stringent safety standards, human factors engineering, improved knowledge of and more effective control of occupational diseases, the electronic age, the communication age, the transition in the United States from a manufacturing-based to a service-based industry, et cetera. 

The reason for this was because it was felt, initially, that process-based industries would tend to have higher tool and technique usage requirements than project-based industries, and that manufacturing industries would also tend to have more need than service base industries, with combined industries somewhere in between. The rationale here was that manufacturing and process-based industries would tend to need more routinised and standardised approaches to business that would favour tool and technique usage across all four functions. On the other hand it was hypothesised that project-based and services related industries, with a more ad-hoc and less routinised approach to business, would use tools and techniques much less across all of the four functions. 

A nation s quality of life is heavily dependent on its infrastmcture which includes, but is not limited to, its water supply and wastewater systems, transportation systems (e.g., highways, bridges, tunnels, railroads, airports, ports), stormwater management and flood control systems, communication systems, power generation and distribution systems, and other structures, facilities, and systems supportive of daily life. The infrastructure is built and maintained by the constmction industry. Annual U.S. constmction is on the order of a trillion (1,000 billion) dollars making it the largest product-based, contrasted with service-based, industry in the country (Halpin 2006). 

In late 1938, CBS asked Watson Davis to resume production with his previous news-and-interview format, but Davis was now keenly aware of who controlled the microphone and how easily he could lose access to the airwaves.48 He and the trustees had consistently rejected commercial sponsorship. As long as the series remained a sustaining (i.e., non-commercial) program, with production partially underwritten by Science Service but the air time provided by the network (and therefore at the network s discretion), Davis had to attend to the CBS suggestions. As a consequence, the revived Adventures in Science series blended attention to academic science with occasional promotion of research-based industries. 

A more reliable method is called a parallel redundant UPS system, but it requires a more sophisticated control system. Both UPS units are energised to share the common load equally. When one unit fails it is switched out of service and the second unit takes over the full load. Figure 17.3 shows the system which also has an off-load bypass supply switched in service by a static switch. This method can be expanded to incorporate three or more units in parallel, although this is seldom found in oil industry practice. It is a practice used in the computer-based industries such as banking and flnancial investment. It is a method that lends itself to piecemeal expansion. 

Information integrity As indicated earlier in this chapter, the information about a shipment is as important, in today s supply chains, as the movement of the shipment itself. Since shipment information is offered to shippers and receivers as a value-added service, the effectiveness with which this information is provided to them must be monitored and measured. Systems to effectively capture, store, and provide shipment information are critical in today s freight transportation business models. The freight-transportation industry will continue to be an information-based industry. Therefore, meiinttiining high levels of information accuracy and integrity will continue to be au important measure of performance. 

Service-based economy, 623 Service blueprinting, 641, 642 Service delivery systems, 1961-1963 Service differentiators, 1957 Service encounters, 624-625, 628, 641 Service engineering, 635-636 Service factory, 559 Service industries networks in, 253-254... 

This serviee industry, researeh-based, industry-wide approaeh to enhaneing business performanee, business-eustomer alignment, and eustomer value is direetly applieable to other serviee-based industries like the finaneial services seetor, the real estate seetor, the medieal seetor, the edueation seetors, the aeeountaney seetor, and the like. With further refinement, this model is also predieted to also be applieable to serviee industries... 

It is also interesting to note that in two industry sectors respondents -Confectionery and Publishing - claimed to have no strategic objectives whatsoever and that 100% of their objectives were directed towards operational effectiveness. High levels for operational effectiveness objectives were recorded in virtually all of the process-based industry sectors Basic Chemicals (65%), Computer Hardware (85%), Confectionery (100%), Healthcare (76%), Power Water (81%), Telecommimications (69%), Retail Distribution (86%) and Retail Financial Services (84%). 

Remediation. Many companies specialize in hazardous-waste remediation by providing a variety of disposal services and equipment, not limited to catalytic oxidizers and carbon adsorption systems. Remediation includes reduction and cleanup of hazardous wastewater by using oil-water separators to separate oil and solids from wastewater effluents of petroleum-based industries. Other hazardous-vwiste remediation services include demolition and removal of hazardous materials such as asbestos, removal of leaky fuel tanks, cleanup of contaminated sods, and the construction of slurry walls to aid in the remediation of groundwater that is polluted with hazardous waste. Bioremediation is also a growing field that involves disposal of medical and laboratory wastes often by using microorganisms to break down the hazardous materials. 

Establishment. An establishment is a single physical location where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are performed. For activities where employees do not work at a single physical location, such as construction transportation communications, electric, gas and sanitary services and similar operations, the establishment is represented by main or branch offices, terminals, stations, etc. that either supervise such activities or are the base from which personnel carry out these I activities. 

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