Serum amyloid protein

H26. Hoffman, J. S., and Benditt, E. P., Changes in high density lipoprotein content following endotoxin administration in the mouse Formation of serum amyloid protein-rich subfractions. /. Bud. Chem. 257, 10510-10517 (1982). 

Serum amyloid protein A is an acute phase protein, and an apohpoprotein has often been used with hsCRP in cross sectional studies. It can be synergistic with hsCRP but is much less commonly used. At present, there is no standardized assay and no reference interval studies or consistent assay validations. 

Results from seven studies that examined the effects of dietary ALA on indices of human immune response have been published (Table III). The amount of ALA in these studies ranged from 2 to 18 g/day for a duration of 4-24 weeks. Three of these studies (Caughey et al., 1996 Kelley et al., 1991 Rallidis et al., 2003) reported a 20-50% reduction in various indices of immune response such as levels of serum CRP, serum amyloid protein A, and IL-6 in vitro secretion of IL-lp and TNF-ot or DTH response. The... 

Note DTH, delayed hypersensitivity skin response NC, no change NK, natural killer cell PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells P, proliferation M, men SAA, serum amyloid protein A W, women mean pertains to mean age. 

MTF-1 MRE binding transcription factor SAP serum amyloid protein... 

Serum amyloid A 1337 Serum amyloid protein 1287 Serzone 1604... 

A number of adipokines are linked to inflammation and immunity (Fig. 1). This includes both leptin and adiponectin, and also a number of other key inflammatory proteins, particularly cytokines and chemokines [1]. The cytokines and chemokines encompass interleukin-1(3 (EL-1 (3), IL-6, DL-10, TNFa, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Other major inflammation-related adipokines include nerve growth factor (NGF), and acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A and haptoglobin. In addition, adipocytes secrete plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which is an important thrombotic factor as well as an acute phase protein. 

Immunoglobulin light chain Immunoglobulin heavy chain Apo-serum amyloid A protein... 

Several pathological self-polymerizing systems have been biophysi-cally characterized sufficiently to permit identification of protein or peptide species that could serve as molecular targets in a structure-activity relationship. These include transthyretin (TTR) [73-76], serum amyloid A protein (SAA) [77], microtubule-associated protein tau [78-80], amylin or islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) [81,82], IgG light chain amyloidosis (AL) [83-85], polyglutamine diseases [9,86], a-synuclein [47,48] and the Alzheimer s (3 peptide [87-96]. A variety of A(3 peptide assay systems have been established at Parke-Davis to search for inhibitors of fibril formation that could be therapeutically useful [97]. 

The failure of proteins to fold into their functional forms can occasionally lead to "misfolding" or "conformational" diseases.140 Many of these diseases are associated with the formation of amyloid protein, an insoluble material that is deposited as fibrils or plaques in different tissues and organs of the body. They include amyloid Ap protein as the major constituent of the plaques in Alzheimer patients, PrPc associated with neuro-degenerative diseases, a-synuclein (AS) associated with Parkinson s diseases, transthyretin (TTR) as a homotetrameric protein that is involved in the transport of thyroid hormones and retinol in human serum. In particular, the Ap protein is a peptide of 39-43 amino acids that is the... 

Serum amyloids Coagulation factors Tumor necrosis factor Erythrocyte proteins Apolipoproteins... 

HSAB and sulfo-HSAB have been used to investigate serum amyloid A (Cai et al., 2007), the functional role of C-terminal sequence elements in the transporter associated with antigen processing (Ehses et al., 2005), and the kinetics of intermolecular interactions during cytochrome C protein folding (Nishida et al., 2004). 

Concerning the nature and structure of such amyloid peptide or protein channels, oligomers with annular morphologies have in fact been observed by EM for a-synuclein (Lashuel et al., 2002) and equine lysozyme (Malisauskas et al., 2003) even in the absence of any lipids or membranes. Channel-like structures have also been reconstituted in liposomes and observed by SFM for A/ i 4o, A/ j 42, human amylin, a-synuclein, ABri, ADan, and serum amyloid A (Fig. 5A Lin et al., 2001 Quist et al., 2005). Doughnut-shaped structures with a diameter of 10-12 nm and a central hole size of 1-2 nm (Fig. 5B) were imaged on top of lipid membranes (Quist et al., 2005). However, the radius of curvature of the SFM tips meant that it is not possible to say whether the pores were really traversing the lipid bilayer. 

Amyloid pi 42-peptide (Apj 42). Serum amyloid A is an acute-phase protein. Using a monoclonal ELISA, it can be established in the serum and CSF and its intrathecal synthesis seems very common in AIDS patients and in some other inflammatory processes (S5). 

Kisilevsky R. Serum amyloid A (SAA), a protein without a function Some suggestions with reference to cholesterol metabolism. Med Hypotheses 1991 35 337-341. 

Tam SP, Flexman A, Hulme J, Kisilevsky R. Promoting export of macrophage cholesterol The physiological role of a major acute-phase protein, serum amyloid. A J Lipid Res 2002 43 1410-1420. 

Several prospective studies have shown that markers of inflammation, such as sensitive C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A (S-AA), are predictors of increased risk for myocardial infarction, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease (53-56). 

Jousilahti R et al. Association of markers of systemic inflammation, C reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and fibrinogen, with socioeconomic status. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003 57(9) 730-733. 

Fyfe Al, et al. Association between serum amyloid A proteins and coronary artery disease evidence from two distinct arteriosclerotic processes. Circulation 1997 96(9) 2914-2919. 

B25. Benditt, E. P., and Eriksen, N., Amyloid protein SAA is associated with high density lipoprotein from human serum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 4025-4028 (1977). 

H36. Husby, G., and Natvig, J. B., A serum component related to nonimmunoglobulin amyloid protein AS, a possible precursor of the fibrils. J. Clin. Invest. 53, 1054-1061 (1974). 

P5. Parks, J. S., and Rudel, L. L., Metabolism of the serum amyloid A proteins (SAA) in high-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons of nonhuman primates (vervet monkey). Am. /. Pathol. 112, 243-249 (1983). 

MS-based mass profiling combined with multivariate analysis identified platelet factor 4, a chemokine with prothrombolytic and antiangiogenic activities, as a diagnostically predictive protein in depleted serum of prostate cancer patients [99]. SELDI-TOF-MS was applied to the discovery of serum markers of bone metastasis in prostate cancer. Unique isoforms of serum amyloid A were identified in these patients. Machine-learning algorithms were used to identify these patients with a sensitivity and specificity of 89% [100],... 

AA amyloidosis0 Fragments of serum amyloid A protein 76-104d All-a, unknown fold... 

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