Serotyping

Haemophilus influenza serotype b. Three vacciaes are avaUable for immunizing Hifants. Two of these vacciaes are admioistered at 2, 4, and 6 months of age with a booster given at 12—15 months of age, and the third vacciae is admioistered at 2 and 4 months of age with a booster at 12—15 months of age. 

I ilman, D.J., et al. Structural factors that control conformational transitions and serotype specificity in type 3 poliovirus. EMBO J. 8 1567-1579, 1989. 

Salmonella sp (over 1,500 serotypes) Salmonellosis acute diarrhea... 

There are a number of practical problems involved with using polysaccharides as vaccines as there are frequently too many different chemotypes for it to be practicable to prepare a vaccine. In some cases a limited number of serotypes are the dominant cause of infection and it may then be possible to produce vaccines. A major problem is the poor immune response elicited by polysaccharide antigens, which may in some cases be improved by chemical modification. This is (fie case for vaccines for Haemophilus influenzae type b (a causative agent of meningitis), where the antigenicity of the polysaccharide can be increased by coupling to proteins. 

The development of AAV-based gene-therapy vectors is presently focused on the analysis of the properties of the different AAV serotypes, especially the host range of the virion shells of the different serotypes. By packaging... 

Rhinoviruses cause a significant fraction of the common colds suffered by the human population. However, members of the Rhinovirus genus (Picomaviridae family) include 100 different serotypes that infect humans, making a vaccine strategy impractical. Thus, alternative strategies are needed to intervene in these non-life-threatening but inconvenient infections. 

Matthews DA, Dragovich PS, Webber SE, Fuhrman SA, Patick AK, Zalman LS, Hendrickson TF, Love RA, Prins TJ, Marakovits JT, Zhou R, Tikhe J, Ford CE, Meador JW, Ferre RA, Brown EL, Binford SL, Brothers MA, DeLisle DM, Worland ST (1999) Structure-assisted design of mechanism-based irreversible inhibitors of human rhinovirus 3C protease with potent antiviral activity against multiple rhinovirus serotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 11000-11007... 

Deoxy-L-galactose (L-fucose) is common, and has only been found as the a- or )3-pyranoside. The rare D-fucose has, however, been found both as a-pyranoside, in the LPS frorn Pseudomonas cepacia serotypes B and E, and as a-furanoside, in the cell-wall antigen from Eubacterium saburreum L 452 and the O-antigens from different strains of Psuedomonas syrin-gae The a-furanoside, as in 3, has a cis relationship between the aglycon and OH-2. The corresponding P form has not yet been found. 6-Deoxy-o-and -L-talose are components of the extracellular polysaccharides from some strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and of the LPS from some strains of E. coli respectively. 

The 0-antigen from Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 2 is a homopolysaccharide composed of 6-deoxy-)8-L-altropyranosyl residues. In the LPS from... 

The single-component viral vaccines are listed in Table 15.2 with notes similar to those provided with the bacterial vaccines. The only eombined viral vaeeine that is widely used is the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR Vac). In a sense, however, both the inactivated (Salk) poliovaccine (PoWac (inactivated)) and the live (Sabin) poliovaccine (PolWac (oral)) are combined vaccines in that they are both mixtures of vims of each of the three serotypes of poliovims. Influenza vaeeines, too, are eombined vaccines in that many contain components fiom as many as three vims strains, usually fiom two strains of influenza A and one strain of influenza B. 

Neisseria meningitidis Types A and Ct, Cultures of N. meningitidis of serotypes A and C 1 Precipitation with hexadecyl-trimethyammonium bromide 2 Solubilization and purification 3 Blending 4 Freeze-drying Estimation of capsular polysaccharide content ... 

Pneumococcai poiysaccharidet Cultures of 23 serotypes of Strep, pneumoniae 1 Precipitation of polysaccharides with ethanoi 2 Blending into polyvalent vaccine Physico-chemical estimation of polysaccharides ... 

Influenza (split virion)t Allantoic fluid from embryonated hens eggs infected with influenza viruses A and B 1 Harvest of viruses 2 Disruption with surface active agent 3 Blending of components of different serotypes Assay of haemagglutinin content by immunodiffusion Inoculation of embryonated hens eggs to exclude live virus... 

Poliomyelitis (inactivated)t (Salktype) Human diploid cell cultures infected with each of the three serotypes of poliovirus 1 Clarification 2 Inactivation with formalin 3 Concentration 4 Blending of virus of each serotype Induction of antibodies to polioviruses in chicks or guinea-pigs Inoculation of cell cultures and monkey spinal cords to exclude live virus... 

Poliomyelitis (live or oral) (Sabin type) Cell cultures infected with attenuated poliovirus of each of the three serotypes 1 Clarification 2 Blending of virus of three serotypes in stabilizing medium Infectivity titration of each of three virus serotypes Test for attenuation by Inoculation of spinal cords of monkeys and comparison of lesions with those produced by a reference vaccine... 

Polio is the only disease, at present, for which both hve and killed vaccines compete. Since the introduction of the killed vims (Salk) in 1956 and the live attenuated virus (Sabin) in 1962 there has been a remaikable decline in the incidence of poliomyelitis (Fig. 16.1). The inactivated polio vaccine (TPV) contains formalin-killed poliovirus of all three serotypes. On injection, the vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies of the IgM and IgG class which neutrahze the vims in the second stage of infection. A course of three injections at monthly intervals produces long-lasting immunity to all three poliovirus types. 

Measles, mumps and rubella (German measles) are infectious diseases, with respiratory routes of transmission and infection, caused by members of the paramyxovirus group. Each virus is immunologically distinct and has only one serotype. Whilst the primary multiplication sites of these viruses is within the respiratory tract, the diseases are associated with viral multiplication elsewhere in the host. 

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