Series-parallel formulae

Analytical solutions for randomly distributed pores with irregular size and shape were derived firstly by Tsao using the same idea of series-parallel formulae laminates... 

Systems can have both parallel and series subsystems. Rehabihty is calculated by successively reduciag the system usiag the basic series or parallel formulas. This is illustrated ia Example 2. 

Many systems consisting of several components can be classified as series, parallel, or a combination of both. A series system is one in which the entire system fails to operate if any one of its components fails to operate. If such a system consists of n components that function independently, then the reliability of the system is the product of the reliabilities of the individual components. If / s denotes the reliability of a series system and Rj denotes the reliability of the /th component, (i = 1,2,..., n), then the formula for the reliability of a series system, is as follows ... 

Thus, at the operation state Zj, the subsystems, is a three-state series-parallel system (a series system) with its structure shape parameters A = 1, =129, and according to the formulae appearing after according to Proposition 9.1 given in (Kolowrocki 2014), its conditional reliability function is given by... 

On the third and fourth level supply chain by SCOR model can be seen small, but more detailed metrics for the evaluation of these measures. It is possible to calculate the level of reliability in each loop chain wide variety of pre-selected time periods. In order to measure the speed of the reliability of the entire supply chain in a certain period of time (Haj 2002) proposes that the first step is to determine the type of supply chain, which can be placed in one of five possible structures of reliability (Fig. 3), i.e., serial, parallel, series-parallel or a parallel—serial, and then, on the basis of a formula related reliability of the system, it is possible to calculate the reliability of the whole system during that period. 

Parallel formulae Figure 8.1 Series and parallel formulae sheets for a laminate. 

Tlie reliability formulas for series and parallel systems can be used to obtain tlie reliability of a system lliat combines features of a series and a parallel system. Consider, for example, tlie system diagrammed in Fig. 20.2.1. Components A, B, C, and D have for llieir respective reliabilities 0.90, 0.80, 0.80, and 0.90. The system fails to operate if A fails, if B and C both fail, or if D fails. Component B and C constitute a parallel subsystem connected in series to components A and D. The reliability of the parallel subsystem is obtained by applying Eq. (20.2.2), which yields... 

American Gas Association method, 121 Complex pipe systems, 122 Low pressure air, steam, 131 Panhandle formula, 120, 121 Panhandle-A formula, 121 Parallel system, 122 Series system, 122 Transmission factors, 120 Weymouth formula, 120 Flowsheet symbols, 17... 

Mathai and Singh have estimated the permeability coefficient P, using the formula P = kD where k is the partition coefficient and D is the diffusivity. They have used both parallel and series models to calculate P. The experimental values are always greater than measured values. The poor agreement between the experimental and calculated values is attributed to the polar-polar interaction between the epoxy group and nitrile group. 

Area by Approximation (Fig. 2.5). If y0, yl9 y2,. . . , y are the length of a series of equally spaced parallel chords, and if h is their distance apart, the area enclosed by the boundary is given approximately by any one of the following formulae ... 

By counting the planes parallel to the 113 Bi planes in the twinned phases lil-lianite and heyrovskyite (Fig. 4.26) or otherwise, determine the homologous series formula that includes these phases. 

A similar analysis can be performed for the series combination, starting from the parallel combination. The resulting formulas are as follows. 

Tlie reliability formulas for series and parallel systems can be used to obtain Uie reliability of a system Uiat combines features of a series and a parallel system. Consider, for example, Uie system diagrammed in Fig. 20.2.1. Components A, B, C, and D have for Uieir respective reliabiliues 0.90, 0.80,... 

K2NiF4-related structures, also called Ruddleston-Popper phases, are built of slabs of perovskite structure cut parallel to the (idealized) perovskite 100 planes united by way of lamellae of halite (NaCl) structure. The series formula for these compounds is where A is a large cation,... 

In a more conventional CNDO/2 calculation. Hush and Williams calculated the parallel and perpendicular components of a for a series of first-row diatomics, and also calculated a for all first-row atoms using a similar formula. In view of the errors in their formulae as published, it is not clear whether their results are correct or not, although our own experience is that CNDO/2 gives in general very low values for a. Hush and Williams have also extended their CNDO/2 calculations to hyperpolarizabilities (elements only) for several linear molecules together with HjO, NHj, and CHj. The results are unimpressive where comparison with experiment is possible. Meyer and Schweig have published an extensive comparison of MINDO/... 

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