Series system

The series byproduct reaction requires a plug-flow reactor. Thus, for the mixed parallel and series system above, if... 

Series Systems. The series configuration is the most commonly encountered in practice. In a series system, all subsystems must operate successfully for the system to be successful. The rehabihty block diagram is given in Figure 6. 

The series system was used in the past as an alternative to the multiple system. In this system only anodes were charged and a potential was maintained between the ends of each cell so that copper dissolved from one anode was plated on the adjacent anode. After a sufficient period of time, all the original anode copper was replaced by a cathodic deposit and the impurities were either in the form of anode slime or in solution. The series system demanded highly uniform anodes, a requirement that was difficult to meet with horizontal equipment. 

Most produets have a number of eomponents, subassemblies and assemblies whieh all must funetion in order that the produet system funetions. Eaeh eomponent eontri-butes to the overall system performanee and reliability. A eommon eonfiguration is the series system, where the multiplieation of the individual eomponent reliabilities in the system, Rj, gives the overall system reliability, as shown by equation 4.67. It applies to system reliability when the individual reliabilities are statistieally independent (Leiteh, 1995) ... 

A series system is one in which Uie entire system fails to operate if any one of its components fails to operate. If such a system consists of n components tliat function independently, llien tlie reliability of the system is lire product of tlie reliabilities of tlie individual components. If Rs denotes lire reliability of a series system and R, denotes tlie reliability of the i component i = 1,. .., n, llien... 

In tlie case of random variables assumed to be normally distributed, Monte Carlo simulation is facilitated by use of a table of the normd distribution (Table 20.5.2). Consider, for example, a series system consisting of two electrical components, A and B. Component A lias a time to failure Ta, assumed to be nomially distributed with mean 100 hours and standard deviation 20 hours. Component B has a time to failure Tb, assumed to be normally distributed witli mean 90 hours and stimdiud deviation 10 hours. Tlie system fails whenever component A or component B fails. Tlierefore, tlie time to failure of the system Ts is tlie minimum of time to failure of components A and B. 

TABLE 20.6.2 Data for Monte Carlo Estimation of Average Time to Failure of Series System with Two Components, A, B... 

The 10,000-hour reliability of a circuit of five transistors connected in series is obtained by applying Eq. (20.2.1), tlie formula for tlie reliability of series system, to obtain... 

A series system is one in which the entire system fails to operate if any one of its components fails to operate. A parallel system is one tliat fails to operate only if all its components fail to operate. 

Ordnung, /. order arrangement, regulation, elassifieation elass suceession, series system. 

American Gas Association method, 121 Complex pipe systems, 122 Low pressure air, steam, 131 Panhandle formula, 120, 121 Panhandle-A formula, 121 Parallel system, 122 Series system, 122 Transmission factors, 120 Weymouth formula, 120 Flowsheet symbols, 17... 

A parallel reactor system has an extra degree of freedom compared with a series system. The total volume and flow rate can be arbitrarily divided between the parallel elements. For reactors in series, only the volume can be divided since the two reactors must operate at the same flow rate. Despite this extra variable, there are no performance advantages compared with a single reactor that has the same total V and Q, provided the parallel reactors are at the same temperature. When significant amounts of heat must be transferred to or from the reactants, identical small reactors in parallel may be preferred because the desired operating temperature is easier to achieve. 

Figure 3.27. Tracer pulse response of a tanks-in-series system with and without dead zones.

Case I. Rc -C 1 in this case, the recycle flow rate is much smaller than the feed flow rate, the internal flow rates are comparable to the feed flow rate, and kj 1, Rc kj = kj = 0(1), j = 1,..., N — 1. In the limit as the recycle flow rate tends to zero (Rc —> 0), the last term in Equation (3.1) vanishes, and the model reduces to the model of a series system ... 

In this case, the model of the process with recycle is a regular perturbation of the nominal (no recycle) series system. In light of the concepts introduced in Chapter 2, we can expect that the presence of the (small) material recycle stream will not have a significant impact on the dynamics of the process. 

A tubular prereactor, in series with CSTR system, can offer stability advantages, which will he discussed later. A number of other flow alternatives are also possible with a CSTR-series system but these alternates are not widely utilized. An obvious flow alternative for a reactor system consisting of a series of CSTRs would he to introduce some portion of the total recipe at places other than the front end of the reactor train. These intermediate feeds would, in many respects, be analogous to semicootinuous operation of batch reactors. 

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