Senna Sennosides

Figure 21 Structure of bianthrones from Cassia senna. Sennoside A R = R = COOH (-t-j-fomi. Sennoside B R = R s COOH, meso form. Sennoside C R = COOJt and R = CH2OH (+)-fonn. Sennoside D R = COOH and Ri = CH2OH, meso form. Glu = glucose.

That the degree of comminution on its own is not the only factor involved in the kinetics-of the release of the active principles, but that evidently the nature and amount of the accompanying substances also play an essential part, has been demonstrated in the case of the sennosides in aqueous preparations (hot extractions and cold macerates) from senna fruits and senna leaves [3],... 

SENNOSIDES The following dosages are for senna concentrate only. For other forms of senna, consult labeling. Dosages are different. 

Lactation Anthraquinone derivatives (eg, casanthranol, cascara sagrada, danthron) are excreted in breast milk resulting in a potential increased incidence of diarrhea in the nursing infant. Sennosides A and B (eg, senna) are not excreted in breast milk. It is not known whether docusate calcium, docusate potassium, docusate sodium, lactulose, and mineral oil are excreted in breast milk. 

The most important anthraquinone glycosides are sennosides, found in the senna leaves and fruits (Cassia senna or Cassia angustifolia). These are, in fact, dimeric anthraquinone glycosides. However, monomeric anthraquinone glycosides are also present in this plant. 

N.A. Cassia senna L. Anthraquinone, beta-sitosterol, rhein, dianthrone glucosides, sennosides A, sennosides B, naphthalene glycosides, aloe-emodine, mucilage.99 100 Laxative, stimulant, cathartic, anticancer, cathartic. 

Sennosides Senna pods PLS Errors less than 0.1 % 139... 

Sennosides Senna pods PLS Transflectance mode used. Method validated using ICH-adapted guidelines 140... 

Pudelko-Koerner, C., Fischer, A., Lentzen, H., Glombitza, K.W. and Madaus, A.G. (1996) Quantitative Fourier transform-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy of sennosides in Senna pods Pharm. Pharmacol. Lett. 6, 34-36. 

Pudelko-Koerner, C. (1998) Quantitative near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of sennosides from Sennae fructus angustifoliae in in-process and quality control including method validation Pharmazeutische Industrie 60, 1007-1012. 

The active constituents in both senna leaf and fruit are dianthrone glycosides, principally sennosides A and B (Figure 3.33). These compounds are both di-O-glucosides of rhein... 

The leaves and fruits of Cassia angustifolia and Cassia senna (senna) contain laxative anthranoid derivatives. Mutagenicity testing of sennosides has produced negative results in several bacterial and mammalian systems, except for a weak effect in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA102 (1,2). No evidence of reproductive toxicity of sennosides has been found in rats and rabbits (3). 

When a standardized preparation containing senna pods (providing 15 mg of sennosides per day) was given to breastfeeding mothers, the suckling infants were only exposed to a non-laxative amount of rhein, which... 

C. Pudelko-Korner, Quantitative Near-Infrared-Reflection-Spectroscopy of Sennosides in Sennae fructus angustifoliae in Processing and Quality Control as well as Validation of these Methods, Pharma Technol. J., 19(1), 57-67 (1998). 

Examples of how the composition is listed include Sennae folium, 415-500 mg, corresponding to 12.5 mg of hydroxyanthracene glycosides, calculated as Sennoside B or Valerianae radix 900 mg. 

The major laxative constituents of Senna Leaf and Pod are the sennosides and it has recently been established using RIA that the sennosides are only formed when the leaf and pod are allowed to dry gradually at room temperatures. 

Although lactating mothers have reported milk discoloration and laxative effect in breast-fed infants while taking senna (Curry, 1986), 15 mg of sennosides administered to 20 lactating women for 3 d resulted in rhein concentrations of < 10 ng/mL in the breast milk in 94% of the women (Faber, 1988). Breast-fed infants showed no signs of laxative exposure. Data in monkeys reflect these findings (Cameron et al., 1988). 

Determination of sennoside content can be achieved spectrophotometrically, or via HPLC (Christ et al, 1978 Lainonen et al., 1988). There is also a USP monograph (USP, 1999) that details the chemical analysis of senna. 

Although the component or components responsible for senna s effect have not been definitively identified, most pharmacopoeias standardize senna based on its sennoside B content. Both the German and European Pharmacopoeia require 2.5% for the leaves, 3.4% in the Alexandrian pods, and 2.2% in the Indian pods (Franz, 1993). 

Christ B, Poppinghaus T, Wirtz-Peitz H. [Isolierung und strukturaufklarung eines neuen sennosids aus Cassi senna], Arzneim Forsch 1978 28 225-31. 

Several studies have been conducted in order to establish and better understand the mode of action of anthranoid laxatives. For example, Lemli [14] presented a review of the study of the mode of action of sennosides, Fig. (1) the active constituents of the senna drug. An interaction between rhein-anthrone, the active metabolite of sennosides, and the immune cells of the colon is suggested as a base for laxative activity. Several studies aimed to... 

In Sennae folium extract (2) a R, value depression of sennoside A and specifically of sennoside B occur, caused by the mucilages also extracted from the plant material with. 50% methanol. To avoid this effect the circular TLC method can be used (see Fig. 9). Senno,side D (R, — 0,5,5) is more highly concentrated in. Sennae folium extracts (2) tlian in Sennae fructus extracts (1). Senno,side C can be localized at R, — 0.7. Rhein is detectable as a yellow zone at R, 0.8 and its 8-0-glucoside is found between scnno.side D and C. 

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