Selectivity ternary systems

The series foeuses on light metal ternary systems and ineludes phase equilibria of importance for alloy development, processing or application, reporting on selected ternary systems of importance to industrial light alloy development and systems which gained otherwise seientifie interest in the recent years. 

Gauter, K., Florusse, LJ., Peters, CJ. and de Swaan Aarons, J. (1996) Classification of and transformations between types of fluid phase behavior in selected ternary systems. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 116,445-453. 

Two further examples of type I ternary systems are shown in Figure 19 which presents calculated and observed selectivities. For successful extraction, selectivity is often a more important index than the distribution coefficient. Calculations are shown for the case where binary data alone are used and where binary data are used together with a single ternary tie line. It is evident that calculated selectivities are substantially improved by including limited ternary tie-line data in data reduction. 

Figure 4-19. Calculated selectivities in two ternary systems show large improvements when tie-line data are used to supplement binary VLB data for estimating binary parameters.

Selected physical properties of various methacrylate esters, amides, and derivatives are given in Tables 1—4. Tables 3 and 4 describe more commercially available methacrylic acid derivatives. A2eotrope data for MMA are shown in Table 5 (8). The solubiUty of MMA in water at 25°C is 1.5%. Water solubiUty of longer alkyl methacrylates ranges from slight to insoluble. Some functionalized esters such as 2-dimethylaniinoethyl methacrylate are miscible and/or hydrolyze. The solubiUty of 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate in water at 25°C is 13%. Vapor—Hquid equiUbrium (VLE) data have been pubHshed on methanol, methyl methacrylate, and methacrylic acid pairs (9), as have solubiUty data for this ternary system (10). VLE data are also available for methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl a-hydroxyisobutyrate, methanol, and water, which are the critical components obtained in the commercially important acetone cyanohydrin route to methyl methacrylate (11). 

TABLE 15-5 Selected List of Ternary Systems Continued)... 

Idem, Part 11 - Potter, P. Holleck, H. Spear, K.E. "Selected Actinide Ternary Systems", in preparation. 

Metal-induced reductive dimerization of carbonyl compounds is a useful synthetic method for the formation of vicinally functionalized carbon-carbon bonds. For stoichiometric reductive dimerizations, low-valent metals such as aluminum amalgam, titanium, vanadium, zinc, and samarium have been employed. Alternatively, ternary systems consisting of catalytic amounts of a metal salt or metal complex, a chlorosilane, and a stoichiometric co-reductant provide a catalytic method for the formation of pinacols based on reversible redox couples.2 The homocoupling of aldehydes is effected by vanadium or titanium catalysts in the presence of Me3SiCl and Zn or A1 to give the 1,2-diol derivatives high selectivity for the /-isomer is observed in the case of secondary aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes. 

In the following, selected results will be presented on the conventional electrochemical synthesis of metal chalcogenide binary and ternary systems, conducted by employing variants of the methods outlined in the previous sections. A brief account of chemical bath deposition principles exemplified will be addressed at the end of this chapter, as being closely related to electrochemical deposition of thin films. 

To illustrate the use of our thermodynamic treatment for concentrated systems, we have selected the system HC1-NaCl-H20 where there are complete and precise thermodynamic data for the ternary system and the constituent binaries from low molality... 

The LLE for another ternary system, ethyl terf-butyl ether (ETBE) -t ethanol -l- [C4CiIm][TfO], at 298.15 K was studied by Arce et al. [35]. To determine the tie-line compositions, they used the NMR spectroscopy. The values of the solute distribution ratio fi = XEtoH V. EtoH / where II refers to an IL-rich phase) and selectivity (S = /SEtoH// EXBE) were calculated from tie-line data. In general, both the solute distribution ratio and the selectivity decreased as the molar fraction of efhanol in the organic-rich phase increased, the maximal values being ca. 3.5 and ca. 22, respectively. The ETBE + ethanol + IL system was compared to the ETBE + ethanol + water system. 

TABLE 13.11. Selected Ternary Aezotropic Systems at Atmospheric Pressure (a) Systems with Water and Alcohols... 

According to this principle a chemical process in which selectivity problems are involved, can be represented graphically as a pseudo-ternary system. The unconverted starting material (A), the desired product (B) and the byproducts (C) can be chosen as the components of this system the course of the reactions can be plotted in a triangular diagram. 

Three acidic salts of barium phosphite have been reported with BaHP03 H3P03 as 2 1, 1 1, and 2 3. A. Italiener examined the ternary system Ba0-P203-H20 at 30°. The following is a selection from the results, where the numerical data refer to the number of grams of the given component present in 100 grms. of soln. ... 

A diverse composition space of ternary transition metal-Pt alloys was chosen as the starting point for the combinatorial investigation. Four transition metals, W, Co, Ni, and Ru, were selected to be base metal components of Pt-based metal alloys [18, 19]. The ternary permutation of these metals results in a total of six Pt-based ternary alloys, namely Pt-Ru-W, Pt-Ru-Co, Pt-Ru-Ni, Pt-Co-Ni, Pt-Co-W and Pt-Ni-W. Each ternary system was sampled broadly six stoichiometries were chosen ... 

When the whole of the diagram is explored, m=l and when local areas of the diagram are explored, mDesign points for ternary system are selected (in the coordinates Z1 Z2) from the following sets ... 

The above-described set-up has been used for the primary screening of various reactions, e.g. the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane using different catalyst compositions of the ternary system Pt/Sn/In [64], Concerning this first example, a collection of 66 catalyst combinations was operated for 24 h to check the long-term behavior. All combinations show deactivation, especially the most active catalysts. This clearly demonstrated that screening also depends very much on the selection of the appropriate time scale for a reaction (in this study, at least 24 h). 

In those cases in which V2/Vi is known, both gv° and g ° are given. For the rest of the systems, only gv° is given. Prediction of thermodynamic properties on ternary systems formed by a polymer and two solvents or two polymers and a solvent requires the knowledge of the parameter g°, characteristic of the interaction of the corresponding binary pairs [9], However, due to the variety of sources for the several systems studied, the data correspond to different polymer molecular weights, m, and to different temperatures. Since the variation of x with concentration may depend on M for low M s, it has selected data only for M > 2 x 109, where no M dependence is detected. 

As it was noted before, Preferential or Selective Adsorption is a very common phenomenon in ternary systems composed of a polymer and a binary solvent mixture. There is a great variety of ternary systems that have been studied, mainly those containing at least one polar component [97], In many cases, specific interactions between polar groups are important, and the formation of hydrogen bonds have to be taken into account. This is the case, especially, when alcohols are components of the systems. 

We have applied some of these principles to the extraction of 1-butene from a binary mixture of 1,3-butadiene/1-butene. Various mixtures of sc solvents (e.g., ethane, carbon dioxide, ethylene) are used in combination with a strongly polar solvent gas like ammonia. The physical properties of these components are shown in Table I. The experimental results were then compared with VLE predictions using a newly developed equation of state (18). The key feature of this equation is a new set of mixing rules based on statistical mechanical arguments. We have been able to demonstrate its agreement with a number of binary and ternary systems described in the literature, containing various hydrocarbon compounds, a number of selected polar compounds and a supercritical component. 

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