Seizure in children

As with other quinolones, ciprofloxacin should be used with caution in epileptic patients (since it may precipitate seizures), in children, during pregnancy and breast-feeding (due to risk of arthropathy in weight-bearing joints). 

Epilepsy Adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures with and without secondary generalization in patients more than 12 years of age with epilepsy. Also indicated as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures in children 3 to 12 years of age. Postherpetic neuralgia For management of postherpetic neuralgia in adults. 

It is difficult to estimate the risk of seizures in children with toxic levels of TCAs. In adults, studies have been done that show a correlation between a QRS complex length 100 msec and an increased risk of seizures. Increased risk of seizures was not related to other monitored parameters, including plasma blood level, and patients with QRS duration within normal limits (<100 msec) had no incidence of seizures or arrhythmias (Boehnert and Lovejoy, 1985). It is unclear... 

Valproate III Partial seizures in children Abbott Laboratories... 

Absence seizures Febrile seizures in children Status epilepticus Absence seizures Tonic-clonic seizures... 

Wassner E, Morris B, Fernando L, Rao M, Whitehouse WP. Intranasal midazolam for treating febrile seizures in children. Buccal midazolam for childhood seizures at home preferred to rectal diazepam. BMJ 2001 322(7278) 108. 

Although intravenous diazepam is the preferred route, the undiluted intravenous solution of diazepam can be given rectally, and is effective in the emergency management of seizures in children (29). Rectal gel is an alternative, and can be given by non-medical personnel (30). Adverse effects of rectal diazepam are rare and mild. Animal studies and clinical experience have not shown damage to the rectal mucosa. 

Mahmoudian T, Zadeh MM. Comparison intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating acute seizures in children. Epilepsy Behav 2004 5(2) 253-5. 

McIntyre J, Robertson S, Norris E, Appleton R, Whitehouse WP, Phillips B, Martland T, Berry K, Collier J, Smith S, Choonara I. Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005 366 205-10. 

Partial seizures in children ages 4-16 with epilepsy (monotherapy or adjunctive)... 

Approved as adjunctive therapy or monotherapy for partial seizures in children... 

Woynarowski M, Socha J. Seizures in children during interferon alpha therapy. J Hepatol 1997 26(4) 956-7. 

Two cases of seizures in children induced by ketotifen have been reported (10). 

The speed of regulatory review depends on the number of drugs in the queue in front of it, the medical value of the drug and the quality of the submission in addition to vegulations. Another factor that few companies would want to try to influence is the pressure from outside sources on a regulatory authority. The US Congress pressured the FDA to approve valproic acid for seizures in children many years ago, even before the company was ready to make its submission. 

Chamberlain IM, Altieri MA, Futterman C et al. (1997). A prospective, randomized study comparing intramuscular midazolam with intravenous diazepam for the treatment of seizures in children. Pediatr Emerg Care, 13, 92-94. 

Clonazepam is useful in the therapy of absence seizures as well as myoclonic seizures in children. However, tolerance to its antiseizure effects usually develops after 1 to 6 months of administration, after which some patients will no longer... 

THERAPEUTIC USES Clonazepam is useful in the therapy of absence seizures as well as myoclonic seizures in children, but tolerance to its antiseizure effects usually develops within 1-6 months, after which some patients will not respond to clonazepam at any dosage. The initial dose of clonazepam for adults should not exceed 1.5 mg/day and for children 0.01-0.03 mg/kg/day. Dose-dependent side effects are reduced if two or three divided doses are given each day. The dose may be increased every 3 days in amounts of 0.25-0.5 mg/day in children and 0.5-1 mg/day in adults. The maximal recommended dose is 20 mg/day for adults and 0.2 mg/kg/day for children. 

Absence Seizures (Petit mal) Generalized seizures in children or teens which present as brief episodes of blank staring but no convulsions. Effective drugs include ethosuximide, valproate, clonazepam and trimethadione. 

Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal ) is the 10-keto analogue of carbamazepine (Fig. 20.6). It is indicated as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy for partial seizures in adults with epilepsy, as monotherapy for the treatment of partial seizures in children 4 years of age or older, and as adjunct therapy in children 2 to 4 years of age. 

Gabapentin is indicated as an adjunct for use against partiai seizures with or without secondary generalization, in patients oider than 12 years, and as adjunct for the treatment of partiai seizures in children 3 to 12 years of age. It also is approved for the treatment of postherpetic neuraigia. 

Oxcarbazepine (OXC) is EDA approved for monotherapy and adjunctive therapy of partial seizures in adults and adjunctive therapy for partial seizures in children >4 years old. 

Treatment of epileptic seizures in children where a rapid onset of acticHi is very important, e.g. by rectal administration of a diazepam enema (diazepam solution) at home. 

The anti parkinsonism agents, procyclldine (XVII) and trihexyphenidyl (XVIII) reduced the 1nc1d nce of epileptic seizures In children resistant... 

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