Seizures effects

Introduced initially for absence seizures, this drug is now known to be effective in and used to treat tonic lonic seizures and most types of epilepsy. It was found to inhibit GABA transaminase and so elevate GABA concentrations and inhibition. This is achieved, however, over a slower time-course than its anti-seizure effect, especially experimentally, which is now thought to be due to its phenytoin-like, use-dependent block of sodium channels. Since, unlike phenytoin, the full effect of valproate takes some weeks to develop, its slower effect on GABA metabolism and activity should not be ignored. 

EPS Sedation Anticholinergic Side Effects Cardiovascular Side Effects Seizure Effects/ QTc Prolongation... 

The tables include data on domestic seizures and on seizures effected at the point of entry or exit. They do not include reported seizures of substances where it is known that they were not intended for the illicit manufacture of drugs (for example, seizures effected because of administrative shortcomings, or seizures of ephedrine/pseudoephedrine preparations to be used as stimulants). Stopped shipments are also not included. The information may include data not submitted by Governments on form D. 

Haut SR, Veliskova J, Moshe SL. Susceptibility of immature and adult brains to seizure effects. Lancet Neurol. 2004 3 608-617. 

Samson FE, Pazdernik TL, Cross RS et al. (1985). Brain regional activity and damage associated with organophosphate induced seizures effects of atropine and benactyzine. Proc West Pharmacol Soc, 28, 183-185. 

Like ethosuximide, dimethadione inhibits T-type Ca + currents in dissociated thalamic neurons in therapeutically relevant concentrations. This provides a plausible explanation of the anti-absence seizure effects of trimethadione. 

AbeorpEon route Can enter the body by inhalation or ingestion. immedlatteflecte Irritates the eyes, sidn and respiratory tract In serious cases risk of seizures. Effects ek prolonged/repeated expoewe Cm a ct the blood if ingested. ... 

Absorption route Can enter the body by inhalation or ingestion or through the skin. Harmful atmospheric concentrations can build up very rapidly on evaporation at Immediate effects Corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Affects the nervous system. In serious cases risk of seizures. Effects of prolonged/repeated exposure Prolonged or repeated contact can cause skin disorders. Can cause liver, kidney and brain damage, esp. with prolonged exposure. Can affect the blood. ... 

Hesdorffer, DC, Logroscino, G, Cascino, G, Annegers, JF, Hauser, WA (1998) Risk of unprovoked seizure after acute symptomatic seizure effect of status epUepticus. Ann Neurol, 44 908-912. 

This chapter highhghts our current understanding of the age-dependait spectrum of seizure effects in both animal models and humans, and wherever possible, incorporates the contribution of other disciplines such as pathology and modem neuroimaging. 

Sabeluzol is a substance which stimulates learning processes and recall, has an anti-hypoxic and anti-seizure effect. The two enantiomers contribute to the pharmacological activity. This compound increases long-term potentiation at 2,5 mg/kg in the rat and counteracts chronic glutamate toxicity in... 

Silbergeld EK, Miller IP, Kennedy S, Eng N (1979) Lead, GABA and seizures effects of subencephalic lead exposure on seizure sensitivity and GABAergic function. Environ Res 19 371-382... 

Primidone [125-33-7] C22H24N2O2 (39) is an analogue of phenobarbital that is used for the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. It is metabolized in humans to phenobarbital (6) and phenylethyLmalondiamide [7206-76-0J, C22H24N2O2 (40) and these metaboUtes are probably responsible for its anticonvulsant actions. Primidone has many of the side effect HabiUties seen with phenobarbital. 

Succinimides. Ethosuximide [77-67-8] C2H22NO2 (41) and the related succinknide, methsuximide [77-41-8] C22H23NO2 (42) are used in absence seizure treatment. Like the other anticonvulsants discussed, the mechanism of action of the succinirnides is unclear. Effects on T-type calcium channels and -ATPase activity have been reported (20). Ethosuximide has significant CNS and gastrointestinal (GI) side effect HabiUties (13). 

Common side effects of theophylline therapy include headache, dyspepsia, and nausea. More serious side effects such as lethal seizures or cardiac arrythmias can occur if blood levels are too high. Many derivatives of theophylline have been prepared in an effort to discover an analogue without these limitations (60,61). However, the most universal solution has resulted from the development of reHable sustained release formulations. This technology limits the peaks and valleys in semm blood levels that occur with frequent dosing of immediate release formulations. ControUed release addresses the problems inherent in a dmg which is rapidly metabolized but which is toxic at levels ( >20 7g/mL) that are only slightly higher than the therapeutically efficacious ones (10—20 p.g/mL). Furthermore, such once-a-day formulations taken just before bedtime have proven especially beneficial in the control of nocturnal asthma (27,50,62). 

A variety of chemical additives can be incorporated in lubricating oils to improve their properties under boundary lubrication conditions. Some of these additives react with the surfaces to produce an extremely thin layer of solid lubricant, which helps to separate the surfaces and prevent seizure. Others improve the resistance of the oil film to the effect of pressure. 

As to be expected from a peptide that has been highly conserved during evolution, NPY has many effects, e.g. in the central and peripheral nervous system, in the cardiovascular, metabolic and reproductive system. Central effects include a potent stimulation of food intake and appetite control [2], anxiolytic effects, anti-seizure activity and various forms of neuroendocrine modulation. In the central and peripheral nervous system NPY receptors (mostly Y2 subtype) mediate prejunctional inhibition of neurotransmitter release. In the periphery NPY is a potent direct vasoconstrictor, and it potentiates vasoconstriction by other agents (mostly via Yi receptors) despite reductions of renal blood flow, NPY enhances diuresis and natriuresis. NPY can inhibit pancreatic insulin release and inhibit lipolysis in adipocytes. It also can regulate gut motility and gastrointestinal and renal epithelial secretion. 

Concurrent use of the fluoroquinolones with theophylline causes an increase in serum theophylline levels. When used concurrently with cimetidine, the cimetidine may interfere with the elimination of the fluoroquinolones. Use of the fluoroquinolones with an oral anticoagulant may cause an increase in the effects of the oral coagulant. Administration of the fluoroquinolones with antacids, iron salts, or zinc will decrease absorption of the fluoroquinolones. There is a risk of seizures if fluoroquinolones are given with the NSAIDs. There is a risk of severe cardiac arrhythmias when the fluoroquinolones gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin are administered with drains that increase the QT interval (eg, quini-dine, procainamide, amiodarone, and sotalol). 

Amantadine is used cautiously in patients with seizure disorders, psychiatric problems, renal impairment, and cardiac disease. Amantadine is a Pregnancy Category B drug and is used cautiously during pregnancy and lactation. Concurrent use of antihistamines, phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, disopyramide, and quinidine may increase the anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation) of amantadine... 

Occasionally, status epilepticus (an emergency situation characterized by continual seizure activity with no interruptions) can occur. Diazepam (Valium) is most often the initial drug prescribed for this condition. However, because the effects of diazepam last less than 1 hour, a longer-lasting anticonvulsant, such as phenytoin or phenobarbital, also must be given to control the seizure activity. 

The most common adverse reaction associated with phenobarbital is sedation, which can range from mild sleepiness or drowsiness to somnolence. These dru > may also cause nausea, vomiting, constipation, bradycardia, hypoventilation, skin rash, headache fever, and diarrhea Agitation, rather than sedation, may occur in some patients. Some of these adverse effects may be reduced or eliminated as therapy continues. Occasionally, a slight dosage reduction, without reducing the ability of the drug to control the seizures, will reduce or eliminate some of these adverse reactions. 

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