Sediments metal speciation

Kheboian C., Bauer C. Accuracy of selective extraction procedures for metal speciation in model aquatic sediments. Anal. Chem 1987 59 1417-1423. 

Zhang, C.S., Wang, L.J., Zhang, S. 1995. Metal speciation in sediments and suspended matter in the middle-lower reaches of the Changjiang River. China Environmental Science, 15(5), 342-347 (in Chinese). 

Moore, J. N. (1994). Contaminant mobilization resulting from redox pumping in a metal-contaminated river-reservoir system. In Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs, ed. L. A. Baker, pp. 451-71. Washington, D.C. American Chemical Society. Moore, J. N., Ficklin, W. H. Johns, C. (1988). Partitioning of arsenic and metals in reducing sulfidic sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, 22, 432-7. Morrison, G. M., Batley, G. E. Florence, T. M. (1989). Metal speciation and toxicity. Chemistry in Britain, 8, 791-5. 

Kempton S, Sterritt RM, Lester JN. 1987. Heavy metal removal in primary sedimentation II. The influence of metal speciation and particle size distribution. Sci Total Environ 63 247-258. 

Gunn, AM., Hunt, D.T.E. and Winnard, DA. (1989) The effect of heavy metal speciation in sediment on bioavailability to tubificid worms, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application Proceedings of the Is International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11-14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 487 196). 

As shown in the preceding section, toxic metals may be present in a wide variety of physicochemical forms in surface waters, wastewater, landfill leachates, soils, or sediments. Early on, metal speciation in surface waters was determined, using a chemical approach (Giesy et al., 1978). We now know that metal speciation affects their bioavailability and potential toxicity to aquatic organisms (Tessier and Turner,... 

Apte, S.C. and Batley, G.E. (1995) Trace metal speciation of labile chemical species in natural waters and sediments non-electrochemical approaches. In Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems (eds Tessier, A. and Turner, D.R.). John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp. 259-306. 

Coetzee, P.P., Gouws, K., Pluddemann, S., Yacoby, M., Howell, S. and Drijver, L. den (1995) Evaluation of sequential extraction procedures for metal speciation in model sediments. Water SA, 21, 51-60. 

Marin, B., Valladon, M., Polve, M. and Monaco, A. (1997) Reproducibility testing of a sequential extraction scheme for the determination of trace metal speciation in a marine reference sediment by ICP-MS. Anal. Chim. Acta, 342, 91-112. 

Rubio, R. and Ure, A.M. (1993) Approaches to sampling and pretreatment for metal speciation in soils and sediments. Int.f. Environ. Anal. Chem., 51, 205-217. 

Ure, A.M., Davidson, C.M. and Thomas, R.P. (1995) Single and sequential extraction schemes for trace metal speciation in soil and sediment. Tech. Instr. Anal. Chem., 17, 505-523. 

Just choosing the most widely applied procedure (namely that of Tessier et al., 1979) could yield data of doubtful reliability for a particular matrix or objective, but may nevertheless allow comparison with results of many other studies. In practice, there is always an optimisation necessary between compatibility and reliability. The limitations reported here and elsewhere lead to the conclusion that results given by sequential sediment extraction experiments can be used for an assessment of specific release scenarios particularly related to changing pH, complexing ligand availability and redox environments rather than for true metal speciation in sediments. The latter can be achieved only by using intrumental speciation techniques, either alone or in combination with sequential extraction. It is in this area of research that new developments have appeared since the first edition of this volume. Particularly... 

Toxic Metal Speciation Models for Soil and Sediment.51... 

Figure 14.1 Pathways of key processes controlling trace metal speciation in aquatic systems, as they relate to the interchange of metals between water and sediments. (Modified from Santschi et al., 1997.)...

In soil research, the term speciation is often applied to operationally defined fractionation of heavy metals into five or more components.25 Typically, water soluble, exchangeable, organically bound (which includes what is in biomass), amorphous oxide bound, crystalline oxide bound, and residual fractions are measured.26 Sometimes residual fractions are further subdivided according to particle size distributions to give amounts in sand, silt, and clay fractions. Similar fractionation procedures are often applied to aquatic sediments.27 In arid regions, often the calcium carbonate bound fractions of heavy metals are also measured.28 Because of the constraints of detection limits, generally only cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc are usually monitored by flame spectrometry in such heavy metal speciation studies.28... 

O Day, P.A. et al., Metal speciation and bioavailability in contaminated estuary sediments, Alameda Naval Air Station, California, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3665, 2000. 

Jenne, E. A. 1995. Metal adsorption onto and desorption from sediments. 1. Rates. In Metal speciation arid contamination of aquatic sediments, ed H. E. Allen, pp. 81-112. Ann Arbor, Ml Ann Arbor Press. 

Tessier. A. and Campbell. P.G.C.. Partitioning of trace metals in sediments In metal speciation. In Theory, analysis and application, J.R. Kramer and H. E. Allen (Eds). Lewis Publisher. 

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