Speciation, of heavy metals

Lake D.L., Kirk P.W.W., Lester J.N. Fractionation, characterization, and speciation of heavy metals in sewage sludge and sludge-amended soils A review. J Environ Qual 1984 13 175-183. 

An earlier study on the speciation of heavy metals and geochemical mapping of the total metal content of the surface soils of Delhi7 showed the total Al content to vary between 1.87 to 5.34% with a mean of 3.57%. In view of the above, the objective of this research was to ascertain primarily the status of Aluminum in Delhi soils by studying its chemical speciation in the soil profile in order to improve the understanding of its distribution in the solid-phase pool of the soil. More precisely, the objectives were ... 

The speciation of heavy metals determines the treatability of heavy metals. Furthermore, the size of heavy metals plays a critical role in terms of effectiveness of a physicochemical treatment technology. The following list summarizes the general treatability information provided in Table 3.2 ... 

Castilho, P. del, Gerritse, R.G., Marquenie, 3.M. and Salomons, W., 1984. Speciation of heavy metals and the in situ accumulation by Dreissena Polymorpha a new method. In C.3.M. Kramer and 3.C. Duinker (eds), Complexation of Trace Metals in Natural Waters. Nijhoff/3unk Publ., the Hague, pp. 445-448. 

Much work has been reported on the evaluation of sequential extraction procedures. The three-stage sequential extraction procedure for speciation of heavy metals proposed by the Commission of the European Communities Bureau of References (BCR) was found to be acceptable and reproducible with some modifications [29]. In another study, when applied to real soils and sediments, this (unmodified) BCR method was queried [30]. Lopez-Sanchez et al. [31 ] found that significant results can be obtained when different sequential extraction procedures are used. 

Speciation of Heavy Metals in River Water Investigated by Chemometric Methods... 

Ure, A.M., Quevauviller, Ph., Muntau, H. and Griepink, B. (1993a) Speciation of heavy metals in soils and sediments. An account of the improvement and harmonisation of extraction techniques under the auspices of the BCR of the Commission of the European Communities. Int.J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 51, 135-151. 

Forstner, U.W., Calmano, K., Conrad, H., Jaksch, H., Schimkus, C. and Schoer J. (1981) Chemical speciation of heavy metals in solid waste materials (sewage sludge, mining waste, dredged materials polluted sediments) by sequential extraction. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment. WHO/EED, pp. 698-704. 

Manceau, A., Charlet, L., Boisset, M.-C., Didier, B. and Spadini, L. (1992) Sorption and speciation of heavy metals on hydrous Fe and Mn oxides from microscopic to macroscopic. Appl. Clay Sci., 7, 201. 

A. M. Mota, L. Simaes Gonsalves, Direct method of speciation of heavy metals in natural waters, in S. Caroli (ed.), Element Speciation in Bioinorganic Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 1996, pp. 21-96. 

Ammann A. A. (2002) Speciation of heavy metals in environmental water by ion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 372, 448-452. 

Theis, T.L, and Richter, R.O, 1979, Chemical speciation of heavy metals in power plant ash pond leachate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 14(2) 219—224. 

Manceau, A., Marcus, M. A., and Tamura, N. (2002). Quantitative speciation of heavy metals in soils and sediments by synchrotron x-ray techniques. In Applications of Synchrotron Radiation in Low-Temperature Geochemistry and Environmental Science, Vol, 49, ed. Fenter, P., and Sturchio, N. C., Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 341-428. 

Bourg ACM (1995) Speciation of heavy metals in soils and groundwater and implications for their natural and provoked mobility. In Salomons W,... 

Mota am and Simaes-Goncalves ML (1996) Direct methods for speciation of heavy metals in natural waters. In Caroli S, ed. Element speciation in bioorganic chemistry, pp. 21—96. John Wiley Sons Inc, New York. 

Selected examples of the use of EXAFS spectroscopy to help determine the speciation of heavy metal and metalloid pollutants in soils, sediments, and mine tailings are reviewed below. Other examples are given by Manceau et al. (this volume) and Sutton et al. (this volume). 

Welter E, Calmano W, Mangold S, Troger L (1999) Chemical speciation of heavy metals in soils by use of XAFS spectroscopy and electron microscopical techniques. Fresenius J Anal Chem 364 238-244 Westre , Di Cicco A, Filipponi A, Natoli CR, Hedman B, Solomon El, Hodgson (1995) GNXAS, a multiple-scattering approach to EXAFS analysis Methodology and applications to iron complexes. J Am Chem Soc 117 1566-1583... 

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