SECV

As stated before, volatile carbon % is considered to be one of the most important parameters of hydroliquefaction. Also a fairly good linear relationship between the volatile carbon % in coal and low temperature tar yield from coal is found in Morwell brown coals, based on the data from the State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV) in Australia, as shown in Fig.9 Therefore, the low temperature tar yield is also estimated to be an important parameter. In addition, the color tone of brown coal (lithotypes) is shown in this figure. From this figure, it is observed that both volatile carbon % and low temperature tar yield are in a fairly good relation to the color tone of brown coal. Thus, as proposed by the Australian researchers, the color tone of brown coal is considered to be an important parameter. 

But in order to understand what needs to be changed, we first need to understand the current situation. In order for a pharmaceutical company to use any analytical method for certifying the properties (efficacy, potency, etc.) of their products, the analytical method has to be validated. Validation , in the parlance of the FDA, is a far cry from what we usually call validation when developing a multivariate spectroscopic method. In fact, what we call validation in spectroscopic calibration (which usually means calculating an SEP, or an SECV) is a far cry from the dictionary definition of validate , which is to make legally valid , where valid is defined as having legal efficacy or force [11],... 

The authors are grateful to Mrs. I. Salivtn for OH and molecular weight measurements, to Mr.R.I. Willing for solution 1 JC-NMR spectra, to Dr. D.J. Cookson (BHP Melbourne Research Laboratories) for the solid state C-NMR spectra and to Dr. D.J. Brockway (SECV) for analyses of the extraction residues. 

Because of the geometric change at the working electrode due to growth of the PEVD product, the results from a steady-state potentiostatic study are not applicable to stage I of PEVD. In this study, a solid electrolyte cyclic voltammetry (SECV) method was applied for two reasons ... 

During the SECV study, the PEVD system and all experimental parameters were similar to those in the steady-state potentiostatic work. The only difference was the external circuit, in which a CAS-100 system (Gamry, Inc.) was used to connect with a PEVD sample. This setup... 

Fig. 45 A three-dimensional SECV spectrum and its projection planes for a stage II PEVD sample at 550°C.

Figure 45 shows a three-dimensional SECV spectrum for a stage II PEVD system at 550°C. This spectrum can be projected to three planes, i.e., the working electrode overpotential - PEVD current plane, the PEVD current - time... 

Figure 48 shows the usefulness of solid electrolyte cyclic voltammetry (SECV) for extracting transfer coefficients. The peak potentials are plotted against the logarithm of the sweep rates. The value can be obtained from the slope of the linear regression curve. It is calculated to be 0.63, which is close to the value, 0.59, obtained from the steady-state potentiostatic study. Similarly, based on the equation for anodic peaks. 

Although SECV studies are not able to give quantitative results for stage I PEVD behavior, PEVD reaction rate-limiting steps are... 

Since 1920 Latrobe Valley brown coal has been developed for power generation. The State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV) wins coal from two major open cuts at Yallourn and Morwell and operates coal fired power stations which presently consume approximately 35 million metric tons per annum. In addition to power generation, small quantities of brown coal are used for briquette manufacture and char production. 

The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV), the Victorian Brown Coal Council (VBCC), and the companies in the VBCC Industrial Participants Group. The associated drilling, logging and sampling activities were managed by the SECV s Geological and Exploration Division, and the analytical work was performed by the staff at the Herman Research Laboratory. 

King TN, George AM, Hibbert WD and Kiss LT. Variation of Coal Properties with Lithotype Pt 2. SECV Report No. SO/83/55 (1983). 

This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation, t Abbreviations used are as follows. FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ATR attenuated total reflectance, IRE internal reflection element, SATR solution ATR FTIR, FSD Fourier self-deconvolution, PLS partial least-squares analysis, PRESS prediction residual sum of squares from PLS. SECV standard error of calibration values from PLS, PLSl PLS analysis in which each component is predicted independently, PLS2 PLS analysis in which all components are predicted simultaneously. 

For PLS solution basis sets, bulk spectra were generated as described above. Standard error of calibration values (SECV) were determined from prediction residual sum of squares (PRESS) analyses of various permutations of the amide I, II, and III bands (always including amide I) from both Ge and ZnSe spectra. After determination of the effects of different types of normalization on the results, these bands were individually normalized to an area of 100 absorbance units before PLS 1 training. 

A PRESS analysis was also performed by removing one spectrum at a time from the basis set. This provided some measure of the consistency of the preprocessing methods and die effect of noise on the analysis (3 mg/ml spectra were included). The SECV values from this analysis were still relatively large ( 6%). 

Finally, it is noteworthy that protein bulk spectra collected with Ge and ZnSe were never identical (Figure 2). However, basis sets containing spectra from only a Ge IRE, only a ZnSe IRE, and both Ge and ZnSe gave essentially identical SECV values. This indicates that the differences between spectra collected using... 

It should be pointed out that the lithotype classification for brown coal does not conform to that for black coal. To date, the International Committee for Coal Petrology (ICCP) has not finalized a brown coal lithotype classification however, it is generally agreed that a lithotype classification should be based on macroscopic characteristics that can be determined in open cut faces. This principle has been followed in classifying the Latrobe Valley coals according to a system developed and used by the State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV) (25). 

Samples. Brown coal lithotype samples were taken from a bore core from the Flynn field in the Loy Yang region of the Latrobe Valley, Victoria, Australia. The brown coal deposits in this area are believed to be Miocene to Eocene in age. All five lithotype samples were taken at depths between 93 and 100.5 m below the surface in a 120-m core and were provided by the SECV. The black coal sample was from the Upper Hunter region (Permian) of New South Wales (Sydney Basin), Australia, and had a carbon content of 81.3%, dry, ash-free basis (DAF). This sample was provided by the Australian Coal Industry Research Laboratories Ltd. (ACIRL). The characteristics of these samples are set out in Table II. 

Urbano-Cuadrado et al. (2004) analysed by Vis/NIR spectroscopy different parameters commonly monitored in wineries. Coefficients of determination obtained for the fifteen parameters were higher than 0.80 and in most cases higher than 0.90 while SECV values were close to those of the reference method. Authors said that these prediction accuracies were sufficient for screening purposes. 

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