Secretion activation

Smooth muscles do more than contract and the regulation of the mitotic activity of vascular smooth muscle is important in the maintenance of the oxygen supply to tissues and the genesis of hypertension of non-renal origin. Secretion activities of smooth muscle are just beginning to be appreciated. 

Excretion is the process by which a substance leaves the body. The most common ways are via the kidneys and via the gut. Renal excretion is favored by water-soluble compounds that can be filtered (passively by the glomeruli) or secreted (actively by the tubuli) and that are collected into urine. Fecal excretion is followed by more lipid substances that are excreted from the liver into the bile, which is collected in the gut and passed out by the feces. Other routes of excretion are available through the skin and the lungs. 

Because concanavalin A also inhibited the conversion of procollagen into collagen by carboxyl-terminal protease, it was suggested that this protease contains oligosaccharide side-chains that are recognized by concanavalin A, and that tunicamycin affects the secretion, activity, or activation of this enzyme.484... 

The hepatocytes was subcultured for 2 days and their albumin secretion activity was measured. The TRS-harvested hepatocytes showed nearly the same albumin secretion activity as the primary culture, whereas the ERS-harvested ones showed only 20% activity. This finding is important because no subculture of hepatocyte has ever been successful, owing to a possible proteolytic disruption of cell-membrane structure (especially cell-cell adhesion) in the course of trypsin treatment. 

Margaritis, P., Arruda, V. R. and High, K. A. (2003). Gene therapy for hemophilia with inhibitors using secreted activated FVII (FVIIa). Mol. Ther. 7, S27. 

A number of particular semi-quantitative screening methods in agar-plate formats depend on the secretion of (hydrolytic) enzymes. Clones that secrete active enzymes produce a so-called halo , i.e. a zone of clearing in turbid solid growth medium with suspended substrate. In many cases the size of the halo is a good measure for the amount of enzymatic activity released by the growing colony. 

Only one copper ion has been found in the preparations of both F8a and F5a. It was identified as a type 2 copper (Bihoreau et al., 1994 Mann et al., 1984 Tagliavacca et al., 1997). It is beheved that the single copper ion is not involved in any redox reaction and instead it plays a structural role by stabilizing the association of domain Al with domain A3 in the active trimeric complex. This is a very unusual role for a d redox-active transition metal in biology. Mutant F8 in which the type 2 copper ligand His-195 7 was replaced with Ala displayed secretion, active complex assembly, and activity similar to that of wild-type protein, while a mutant in which the second ligand for the type 2 copper, His-99, was replaced with Ala was partially defective for secretion and had low levels of active complex formation and activity (Tagliavacca et al., 1997). 

Hoffman, M., and Decho, A. W. (2000). Proteolytic enzymes in the marine bacterium Pseudoalter-omonas atlantica Post-secretional activation and effects of environmental conditions. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 23, 29-39. 

These results implicate membrane-specific functions for signaling and exocytosis that allow secretory vesicles to produce, store, and secrete active neuropeptides for the control of physiological functions. 

In addition, elozolinc (only after being hydroly/cd in vivo to ozolinone, a carboxylic acid) and muz.olimine possess diuretic activity by virtue of their actions on the transport proce.sses in the cells of the thick a.scending limb of Henlc s loop. Ozolinone is secreted actively into proximal tuhule luminal fluid by the OATS. The high concentrations of ozolinone delivered to the thick a.scending limb cells of Henle s... 

Fecal zinc is derived from unabsorbed dietary zinc and zinc in desquamated epithelial cells and gastrointestinal secretions. Active intestinal secretion of zinc decreases in zinc-depleted animals and may be a regulated step in zinc homeostasis. 

We also examined the intestinal absorption of TG and its acyl derivatives by measuring gastric acid secretion activity following administration to the small and large intestine using an in situ loop method [51]. The acid output-time curves after small or... 

The enzymatic hydrolysis of poly-p-hydroxybutyrate, PHB, by several different bacteria, which are known to secrete active esterases, has been studied in some detail by several research groups [7, 8]. As with the polysaccharides, the final products of these degradation reactions are the monomers, dimers and trimers, which are removed by hydrolysis only from hydroxyl-end of the polymer chain, as follows ... 

Although research at the transcription level has dominated pharmacological research on STLs in the last fes years, it should not be forgotten that evidence from earlier studies has indicated involvement of many downstream effects in their anti-inflammatory activity. One of the most prominent effects in this respect is related to anti-secretive activity due to membrane-stabilization. It was shown by Hall and coworkers that STLs inhibit the activity and release of lysosomal enzymes [46] furthermore, some STLs were demonstrated to inhibit mast-cell degranulation [68, 69] and, as found more recently, the release of human neutrophil elastase [70]. 

The immunomodulating activities of triptolide and its mechanisms of action have been further studied in China. In this line, the effects of 79 on mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), suppressor T cell (Ts) activity, delayed type hypersensitivity (DHT) reaction, interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion activity and Th/Ts ratio were evaluated. 

The above mentioned data suggest that triptolide has a suppressive effect on cellular immune function. The suppressive mechanism may be related to the suppression of Th cells and IL-2 secretion activity and the induction of Ts cells. Triptolide is one of the main immunosuppressive components of T. wilfordii and, although its mechanism of action remains to be further elucidated, represents a novel class of drugs with potential a clinical utility [188]. 

Late-night secretive activity in a mral/farm area... 

In general, the endocrine glands secrete active hormones, while some are converted to active forms in the peripheral tissues. For example, testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone in its target tissues. 

Gray, A.M., and P.R. Flatt. 1999. Insulin-secreting activity of the traditional antidiabetic plant Viscum album (mistletoe). /. Endocrinol. 160(3) 409. 

Other animals also make use of toad toxins, for example, after consumption of toads, hedgehogs spread saliva over their spines Like the toads, some frogs also secrete active substances from their skin glands. These highly poisonous toxins (see frog toxins) are mostly alkaloids, some of which have also been identified in toads. 

Calmodulin, an intracellular calcium-combining protein, is involved in many bodily processes such as secretion, activation of myosin kinase, and cyclic nucleotide metabolism. A similar protein, troponin-r, regulates conformational changes in skeletal muscle. The control of skeletal muscle contraction depends entirely on intracellular calcium. Hence those drugs such as nifedepine (Section 14.2) which block calcium channels, have no effect. On the other hand, smooth and cardiac muscles are much influenced by external calcium levels. 

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