Conformers and regulators

Due to the importance of complying tvith all standards and regulations, and the necessary reduction in detail in such a summary as presented here, it is recommended that the ASME, API and NFPA standards and codes be consulted for final design detail and installation conformity. 

Supermarkets have a carcass specification for weight conformation and fat content, which ensures that the meat bought is commercially viable and provides the end product that the consumer requires. The supermarkets are able to insist on their own quality regulations for produce, because they are so dominant in the market place. Until such time as organic farmers can co-operate and become equally powerful, they will have to abide by the supermarket standards. At present, they seem to be under pressure to produce regularly shaped and sized, blemish-free products, on a mass scale, available all-year-round and often transported long distances. Despite these pressures, however, British organic farmers are not contract farmers to the extent that many conventional farmers are. 

Following concerns on impurities and standardisation, the Therapeutic Substances Act was passed in 1925 with the aim of regulating the manufacture of biological substances, providing the standards to which they must conform and... 

Even explosives must conform to regulations. Polymer bound explosives (PBXs) and Class 1.1 military propellants have been reformulated for use in the mining industry. There is a minimal waste stream (Wulfman et al., 1997). 

The pathway from enzyme-bound substrate to the transition state involves changes in the electronic configuration and geometry of the substrate. The enzyme itself is also not static. The ability to tightly bind the transition state requires flexibUity in the active site. Such flexibility has been experimentally demonstrated in many cases. A corollary to this is that the effectivity of enzyme catalysis can easily be influenced and regulated by conformational changes in the enzyme. An extensive consideration of the mechanisms of enzymes can be found in the works by J. Kraut (1988) and A. Fersht (1998). 

Enzymes that are regulated by effector molecules in an allosteric maimer possess, apart from the binding site for the substrate, a specific binding site for the effector molecule. The binding of effector molecules to the effector site leads to a shift in equilibrium between the various conformations and thus to a change in activity (see 2.3). 

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