Growth of solids

The growth of solid films onto solid substrates allows for the production of artificial stmctures that can be used for many purposes. For example, film growth is used to create pn junctions and metal-semiconductor contacts during semiconductor manufacture, and to produce catalytic surfaces with properties that are not found in any single material. Lubrication can be applied to solid surfaces by the appropriate growth of a solid lubricating film. Film growth is also... 

Interest in the crucial processes of nucleation and the growth of solids from fluid phases has a long and multidisciplinary history [50-53]. This research topic involves chemistry, chemical physics, material science, chemical engineering and physics, and, as a consequence, both theoretical and experimental studies were carried out by specialists in these fields. Thus, the following discussion does not pretend to be an exhaustive literature coverage of what is known about nucleation and growth, but rather, through recent articles, tries to review contributions especially relevant to controlled chemical vapour deposition of nanoparticles, always from a multidisciplinary point of view. 

We are currently witnessing an explosive growth of solid-phase synthetic chemistry. In the years 1999 and 2000 approximately 700 articles were published, describing new synthetic sequences performed on insoluble supports. Almost all important organic reactions have now been carried out on solid phase, and the limits of solid-phase organic chemistry are becoming increasingly clear. 

During the growth of solid solutions (e. g., pseudobinary alloys and doped compounds), the melt composition at the interface can be a function of time, a situation that results in a natural composition gradient in the growth direction. Heteroepitaxy, the growth of an epitaxial film with a composition different from that of the substrate, is more difficult compared with other... 

In other animal research, clinical studies have demonstrated that creatine inhibits the growth of solid tumors in rats. No data on the effects of creatine supplementation on cancer in humans had been published as of early 2002. 

The carbamazepine-nicotinamide cocrystal system has been used to illustrate a mechanism for the formation of cocrystals, for which nucle-ation and growth of solid products are determined by the combination of the reactant components to reduce the solubility of the intermolecular complex that eventually becomes crystallized [42], The principles were studied through the use of in situ monitoring of the cocrystallization process in solutions, suspensions, slurries, and wet solid phases of the... 

The antineoplastic activity of vanadium compounds has been studied for some time. In 1979, the metalocene compound, biscyclopentadienyldichloro-Vanadium(IV), (C5H5)VCI2, was found to have antitumor activity [161], The compound inhibited the growth of various cancer cell lines and the growth of solid tumors in vivo. Vanadium(V) peroxocomplexes with known insulin-mimetic activity were shown to have antitumor activity against murine leukemia cells at that time. Vanadocene compounds are now known to induce apoptosis in cell lines. The apoptotic signal... 

After a general discussion of the production of supported catalysts, the theory of nuclcation and growth of solids is surveyed Next the interaction between supports and precipitating precursors of the active components, which is dominating the nuclcation with precipitation onto suspended supports, is discussed This is followed by a review of the loading of powdered supports suspended in an aqueous solution of the active precursor(s) by deposition-precipitation Highly prom-... 

The growth of solid state chemistry can therefore be charted in Faraday Society Discussions and Transactions. The paper of Barrer and Kerr is one of many that we could have highlighted. Its theme, that of linking detailed microscopic structures with understanding and prediction of the physical properties of the material, is, however, one that is central to the contemporary subject. 

Pont V. Saleh K. Stinmetz D. Hemati M. Influence of the physicochemical properties on the growth of solid particles by granulation in fluidized bed. Powder Technol 2001 120 97-104. 

The number of solid-supported reagents has grown with the growth of solid-supported chemistry. Many reagents have been developed to ease the work-up and isolation by selectively fishing out products and impurities [28—30]. 

Figure 2 Portion of a hypothetical A-B binary phase diagram showing a simple eutectic solidification reaction. Compositional variations can occur within the liquid during solidification as a result of relative kinetics of growth of solids a and f. In this case, a grows more easily. When dendrites of phase a grow, the remaining liquid solution becomes more B-rich (Ci). f forms in the resulting hypereutectic liquid, causing the liqidd composition to make small oscillations about the initial composition with time (inset). Eventually eutectic solid fills in the spaces around all primary phases.

It has been explained above that solid catalysts usually must have a high surface area, and that this can be achieved only with highly porous particles consisting of small elementary particles. Small particles can be produced by two essentially different procedures, both of which are extensively used for the production of solid catalysts for the fine-chemical industry, viz., selective removal of one or more specific components from large solid particles and controlled growth of solid from molecularly dispersed material. 

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