Search term costs

Beilstein is a factual file, unlike Chemical Abstracts. There is only one entry for every compound, containing a multitude of sources. Every record is divided into many fields, which are individually searchable. In the Chemical Abstracts file, every single record reflects one single citation. This difference is the reason for the very different pricing structure in the Beilstein file. There is not only a fee for connect time and search terms (Sect. 6.2) but also for field display. Thus a warning is given from the start, to rethink before entering the display command ALL. It may cost more than one hundred US (Sect. 7.10.4). The recorded facts are ... 

As discussed above, large-scale applications of MFCs would require a high power output (achieved by effective electrodes, low electrode spacing, high solution conductivity and constant solution pH), simple fuel cell configuration, low construction cost and long-term stability. With continual efforts put into the search for cost-effective materials and optimal designs, MFCs have potential to become commercially available in the near future. 

Synthesis. Exploratory research has produced a wide variety of odorants based on natural stmctures, chemicals analogous to naturals, and synthetic materials derived from available raw materials and economical processing. As in most areas of the chemical industry, the search for new and useful substances is made difficult by the many materials that have been patented and successfully commercialized (4). In the search for new aroma chemicals, many new materials are prepared for screening each year. Chemists who perform this work are involved in a creative exercise that takes its direction from the commercial sector in terms of desirable odor types and specific performance needs. Because of economic limitations, considerations of raw material costs and available processing methods may play a role eady in the exploratory work. 

The search for asbestos replacement materials is obviously an ongoing process and further developments in this area are to be expected. The extent of substitution of asbestos fibers by other fibers or other materials has been limited by several factors, typically the availabiHty of adequate replacement materials, the cost performance ratio of such materials, and the uncertainty of long-term health risks of these replacement materials. From the data currendy available, it may be estimated that between 10—20% of the industrial consumption of asbestos fibers was diverted to other materials during the 1980s. 

A search of Medline, EMBASE and PsycLIT was conducted in August 2000, using the following terms Amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, zotepine, ziprasidone, economics, healthcare, costs. All manufacturers of atypical antipsychotic drugs were contacted in April 2000 and asked to supply primary reference data on their product, and all companies had complied with this request by August 2000. A further manual search was conducted of files and journals kept in the National Centre for Information on Psychotropics at the Maudsley Hospital. Reference sections from all retrieved papers were scrutinized for further relevant references. 

A systematic search of published literature identified 13 studies concerned with the value for money of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. The majority were cost analyses of the potential savings in providing health and social care which may accrue from the introduction of these drugs. However, the available clinical evidence is not sufficient to support the assumption that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are equivalent to other interventions in terms of clinical effect or side effects (Birks and Melzer, 1999 NICE, 2001). Furthermore, research to assess potential cost savings implicitly assumes that... 

Heuristic search procedures can be applied to certain types of combinatorial problems when BB and OA are difficult to apply or converge too slowly. In these problems, it is difficult or impossible to model the problem in terms of a vector of decision variables, which must satisfy bounds on a set of constraint functions, as required by OA. One example is the traveling salesman problem, in which the feasible region is the set of all tours in a graph, that is, closed cycles or paths that visit every node only once. The problem is to find a tour of minimal distance or cost,... 

The unit cost of this technology, including disposal, was approximately 4/m. It is estimated that treatment will have to continue until at least 2020. This has prompted our search for alternative, less expensive techniques which take into account expected changes in mine water chemistry, as well as the decreasing load of contaminants over time. Soon after commissioning the conventional treatment plant, it became clear that a passive or semi-passive biological treatment system would be needed for the long-term. Therefore, WISMUT adopted a two-step approach, in which ... 

To reduce the inflow of toxic substances into basin waters efficiently, the Corporation required information on which effluents posed the greatest hazard to the river. While chemical data on many of the effluents were available, their diverse composition was difficult to interpret in terms of hazard potential. Moreover, hazard is not only linked to chemical composition of an effluent, but also on the toxic effects it can have on a variety of freshwater organisms. Adverse effects on biota are also influenced by the volume of wastewater discharged at different times of the year. Hence, the Corporation searched for a cost-effective approach, based on ecotoxicological principles, to rank the various effluents (there are several hundred sources), in terms of their toxic loading, so that subsequent efforts (such as clean up actions) could be prioritized. 

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