Scotts

This volume, number 10 of the Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, deals with our most current understanding of plant hormones and how they regulate or influence developmental events at the level of the cell up to and including the whole plant. Volume 10 is the second in a subset of three in a series. It commences where Volume 9, Molecular and Subcellular Aspects of Hormonal Regulation in Plants ended. In turn, this volume leads naturally to the consideration of the relationship between environmental factors and their effects on hormone-regulated processes in plants — this being the domain of consideration to be found in Volume 11. 

I am further indebted to Mrs. Henrietta S. Brandt for her efforts in organizing the various details associated with all aspects of the production of such a volume, which she has painstakingly done from its very beginning to its very end. 

The editors and publishers thank Professor Martin Bopp for his advice and assistance in the publication of this volume. 

The classic idea of a hormone as a chemical messenger is expressed in the definition given by Went and Thimann (1937)  

Subsequently, this concept has been slightly refined by limiting the term to organic substances acting in small quantities (Thimann 1960). 

---

Hildebrand, J. H., and R. L. Scott "Regular Solutions," Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1962. 

Hildebrand, J.H. and R.L. Scott (1962), Regular solutions. Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, NJ. 

Figure III-9u shows some data for fairly ideal solutions [81] where the solid lines 2, 3, and 6 show the attempt to fit the data with Eq. III-53 line 4 by taking ff as a purely empirical constant and line 5, by the use of the Hildebrand-Scott equation [81]. As a further example of solution behavior, Fig. III-9b shows some data on fused-salt mixtures [83] the dotted lines show the fit to Eq. III-SS.

Flalf a century later Van Konynenburg and Scott (1970, 1980) [3] used the van der Waals equation to derive detailed phase diagrams for two-component systems with various parameters. Unlike van Laar they did not restrict their treatment to the geometric mean for a g, and for the special case of b = hgg = h g (equalsized molecules), they defined two reduced variables. 

Figure A2.5.18. Body-centred cubic arrangement of (3-brass (CiiZn) at low temperature showing two interpenetrating simple cubic superlattices, one all Cu, the other all Zn, and a single lattice of randomly distributed atoms at high temperature. Reproduced from Hildebrand J H and Scott R L 1950 The Solubility of Nonelectrolytes 3rd edn (New York Reinliold) p 342.

In 1953 Scott [H] pointed out that, if the coexistence curve exponent was 1/3, the usual conclusion that the corresponding heat capacity remamed finite was invalid. As a result the heat capacity might diverge and he suggested an exponent a= 1/3. Although it is now known that the heat capacity does diverge, this suggestion attracted little attention at the time. 

Figure A2.5.30. Left-hand side Eight hypothetical phase diagrams (A through H) for ternary mixtures of d-and /-enantiomers with an optically inactive third component. Note the syimnetry about a line corresponding to a racemic mixture. Right-hand side Four T, x diagrams ((a) tlirough (d)) for pseudobinary mixtures of a racemic mixture of enantiomers with an optically inactive third component. Reproduced from [37] 1984 Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena ed C Domb and J Lebowitz, vol 9, eh 2, Knobler C M and Scott R L Multicritical points in fluid mixtures. Experimental studies pp 213-14, (Copyright 1984) by pennission of the publisher Academic Press.

Syimnetrical tricritical points are predicted for fluid mixtures of sulfur or living polymers m certain solvents. Scott (1965) in a mean-field treatment [38] of sulfiir solutions found that a second-order transition Ime (the critical... 

Most of the theoretical predictions have now been substantially verified by a large series of experiments in a number of laboratories. Knobler and Scott and their coworkers (1977-1991) have studied a number of quasibinary mixtures, in particular ethane + (liexadecane + octadecane) for which the experimental n.2 = 17.6. Their experimental results essentially confimi the theoretical predictions shown in figure A2.5.31. 

Scott R L 1953 Second-order transitions and critical phenomena J. Chem. Phys. 21 209-11... 

Scott R L 1978 Critical exponents for binary fluid mixtures Specialist Periodical Reports, Chem. Thermodynam. 2 238-74... 

Domb C and Lebowitz J (eds) 1984 Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena vol 9 (London, New York Academic) oh 1. Lawrie I D and Sarbach S Theory of tricritical points oh 2. Knobler C M and Scott R L Multicritical points in fluid mixtures. Experimental studies. 

Scott R L 1965 Phase equilibria in solutions of liquid sulfur. I. Theory J. Phys. Chem. 69 261-70... 

Pegg I L, Knobler C M and Scott R L 1990 Tricritical phenomena in quasibinary mixtures. VIII. Calculations from the van der Waals equation for binary mixtures J. Chem. Phys. 92 5442-53... 

Hildebrand J H, Prausnitz J M and Scott R L 1970 Regular and Related Solutions (New York Van Nostrand)... 

A variation on this theme introduced by Gray and Scott, known as the autocatalator , is also widely exploited. This is often written in tire fonn... 

Johnson B R and Scott S K 1990 Period doubling and chaos during the oscillatory ignition of the CO + O2 reaction J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 86 3701-5... 

Scott S K 1994 Oscillations, Waves and Chaos in Chemical Kinetics (Oxford Oxford University Press) A short, final-year undergraduate level introduction to the subject. 

Graduate-level introduction mainly to theoretical modelling of nonlinear reactions Scott S K 1993 Chemical Chaos (Oxford Oxford University Press)... 

Scott T W and Friedman J M 1984 Tertiary-structure relaxation in haemoglobin—a transient Raman-study J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106 5677-87... 

McCullough J P and Scott D W (eds) 1968 Experimental Thermodynamics Calorimetry of Non-Reacting Systems vol I (London Butterworths)... 

Madura et al. 1995] Madura, J.D., Briggs, J.M., Wade, R.C., Davis, M.E., Luty, B.A., Ilin, A., Antosiewicz, J., Gilson, M.K., Bagheri, B., Scott, L.R., McCammon, J.A. Electrostatics and Diffusion of Molecules in Solution Simulations with the University of Houston Brownian Dynamics Program. Comp. Phys. Comm. 91 (1995) 57-95... 

P. Ulrich, W. Scott, W.F. van Gunsteren and A. Torda, Protein structure prediction force 6elds parametrization with quasi Newtonian dynamics. Proteins 27 (1997), 367-384. 

J. A. McCammon, B. M. Pettitt, and L. R. Scott. Ordinary differential equa tions of molecular dynamics. Computers Math. Applic., 28 319-326, 1994. 

Clark, T., Hanxleden, R., McCammon, J., Scott, L. Parallelizing molecular dynamics using spatial decomposition. In Proceedings of the scalable high performance computing conference. May 23-25, 1994, Knoxville, Tennessee. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California, 1994. 

T. W. Clark, J. A. McCammon, L. R. Scott, Parallel molecular dynamics , Proc. of the fifth SIAM conference on Parallel Processing for Scientific Computing, 338-44, 1992. 

---