Scope of Book

G proteins are another family of membrane proteins believed to modulate mechanochemical transduction pathways. Mechanical stimulation changes the conformation of G protein that leads to growth-factorlike changes that initiate secondary messenger cascades leading to cell growth. It has been reported that cyclic strain of smooth muscle cells significantly decreased steady-state levels of G protein and adenylate cyclase activity. Muscular stimulation also appears to be coupled with G protein activation in small arteries. 

In subsequent chapters we analyze how the macromolecular components that are found in tissue give rise to the complex biological structures that make up the intracellular and extracellular materials. To do this we need to consider how stereochemistry of the units contained in macromolecules 

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Dislocation theory as a portion of the subject of solid-state physics is somewhat beyond the scope of this book, but it is desirable to examine the subject briefly in terms of its implications in surface chemistry. Perhaps the most elementary type of defect is that of an extra or interstitial atom—Frenkel defect [110]—or a missing atom or vacancy—Schottky defect [111]. Such point defects play an important role in the treatment of diffusion and electrical conductivities in solids and the solubility of a salt in the host lattice of another or different valence type [112]. Point defects have a thermodynamic basis for their existence in terms of the energy and entropy of their formation, the situation is similar to the formation of isolated holes and erratic atoms on a surface. Dislocations, on the other hand, may be viewed as an organized concentration of point defects they are lattice defects and play an important role in the mechanism of the plastic deformation of solids. Lattice defects or dislocations are not thermodynamic in the sense of the point defects their formation is intimately connected with the mechanism of nucleation and crystal growth (see Section IX-4), and they constitute an important source of surface imperfection. 

An excellent treatment of molecular quantum mechanics, on a level comparable to that of Szabo and Ostiund. The scope of this book is quite different, however, as it focuses mainly on the basic principles of quantum mechanics and the theoretical treatment of spectroscopy. 

In this chapter we shall first outline the basic concepts of the various mechanisms for energy redistribution, followed by a very brief overview of collisional intennoleciilar energy transfer in chemical reaction systems. The main part of this chapter deals with true intramolecular energy transfer in polyatomic molecules, which is a topic of particular current importance. Stress is placed on basic ideas and concepts. It is not the aim of this chapter to review in detail the vast literature on this topic we refer to some of the key reviews and books [U, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, and 32] and the literature cited therein. These cover a variety of aspects of tire topic and fiirther, more detailed references will be given tliroiighoiit this review. We should mention here the energy transfer processes, which are of fiindamental importance but are beyond the scope of this review, such as electronic energy transfer by mechanisms of the Forster type [33, 34] and related processes. 

The detailed theory of bonding in transition metal complexes is beyond the scope of this book, but further references will be made to the effects of the energy splitting in the d orbitals in Chapter 13. 

The hydrides of beryllium and magnesium are both largely covalent, magnesium hydride having a rutile (p. 36) structure, while beryllium hydride forms an electron-deficient chain structure. The bonding in these metal hydrides is not simple and requires an explanation which goes beyond the scope of this book. 

Carbon forms a number of oxides in addition to carbon monoxide and dioxide but they are beyond the scope of this book. 

This is not to say that we deem these topics not to be important. On the contrary, we think that those interested in chemoinformatics should strive to obtain a basic knowledge of these subjects. We even think that all professionals in natural sciences and engineering should in future obtain a minimum of training in these fields during their studies. However, presentation here of those aspects of informatics would go beyond the scope of this book. 

If you wish to modify SHMO or mn it on a machine that is different from the machine that it was compiled on, you may have to recompile. Compiling EORTRAN programs is outside the scope of this book but is described in detail in... 

The prime importance of these biological applications, far beyond the scope of this book, has in recent years focused interest on biological applications of thiazoles instead of on typical chemical research (at least for those described in Chapter 3). In the tables of products, thiazoles that are of biological interest are indicated... 

This chapter is the narrowest in scope of any chapter in this book. In it we discuss a single experimental procedure and its interpretation. It is appropriate to examine light scattering in considerable detail, since the theory underlying this method is relatively unfamiliar to students and the interpretation yields information concerning a variety of polymer parameters. 

Several hundred types of Hquid phases are commercially available. These have been used individually or in combination with other Hquid phases, inorganic salts, acids, or bases. The selection of stationary phases for a particular appHcation is beyond the scope of this article, however, it is one of the most important chromatographic tasks. Stationary phase selection is discussed at length in books, journal articles, and catalogs from vendors. See General References for examples. 

Note that the environments that produce SCC are not necessarily corrosive to the metals in the unstressed state. Other factors that may also influence susceptibility to SCC are listed here discussion of these items is, however, beyond the scope of this book. 

Nearly every manufacturing, shipping, and installation process is a potential source of a defect. Manufacturers, in recognition of this, mount major efforts to minimize or eliminate defects. Although an exhaustive list of defects is beyond the scope of this book, some common ones will be discussed. 

The book does not focus on occupational safety and health issues, although improved process safety can benefit these areas. Detailed engineering designs are outside the scope of this work. This book intends to identify issues and concerns in batch reaction systems and provide potential solutions to address these concerns. This should be of value to process design engineers, operators, maintenance personnel, as well as members of process hazards analysis teams. While this book offers potential solutions to specific issues/concerns, ultimately the user needs to make the case for the solutions that provide a balance between risk... 

The full technical details of these processes are beyond the scope of this book (see Further reading for further enlightenment), but it is worth having a slightly closer look at them to get a feel for the engineering context in which each is used. 

The overall scope of this book is the implementation and application of available theoretical and computational methods toward understanding the structure, dynamics, and function of biological molecules, namely proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and membranes. The large number of computational tools already available in computational chemistry preclude covering all topics, as Schleyer et al. are doing in The Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry [23]. Instead, we have attempted to create a book that covers currently available theoretical methods applicable to biomolecular research along with the appropriate computational applications. We have designed it to focus on the area of biomolecular computations with emphasis on the special requirements associated with the treatment of macromolecules. 

Molecular modelling calculations using values of smaller than 3 Angstrom units for these proton-proton distances can be performed to obtain an optimized picture of the molecule. But this exceeds the scope of this book. 

The solutions to a problem of this magnitude can be found in references [3, 7] and others. Figures 9-16 and 9-17 are torsional mode shape diagrams of some typical systems. While the rigorous solution to the multimass damped system is not within the scope of this book, several interesting points should be made. 

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