Nonbiological Applications Outside the Scope of This Book

5 Nonbiological Applications Outside the Scope of This Book 

Soil quality and humidity can be determined using immittance measurements. Geophysical properties related to oil drilling have been measured with impedance methods since the 1920s (Schlumberger, 1920). Large iron-bar electrodes and current levels of hundreds of ampere are used. Volcanic activity is monitored by impedance on Iceland. 

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