Mechanical stimulation

The evidence is overwhelming that the balance of endogenous hormones is affected by environmental parameters. It is, therefore, not surprising that the literature contains many apparently conflicting reports of the effects of applied hormones, especially when intact plants are used. The changes in hormone 

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In the gastrointestinal tract, drugs or toxins, as well as mechanical stimulation, induce emesis by activation of sensory receptors on afferent neurons in the vagus and sympathetic nerves. Information is relayed to the vomiting centre via the nucleus tractus solitarius... 

Physical factors, such as heat, mechanical stimulation and exercise, may sometimes lead to mast cell degranulation and whealing in the skin, but rarely provoke systemic anaphylaxis [4, 26]. Patients do report that these and other factors in combination (such as exercise, heat and alcohol) may elicit anaphylaxis in summation. 

Hydrogen ions accumulate in tissue damaged by inflammation and ischaemia and so pH is lowered. These protons may activate nociceptors directly via their own family of ion channels as well as sensitising them to mechanical stimulation. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICS) are a family of sodium channels that are activated by protons — of special interest is one type found only in small dorsal root ganglion neurons that possibly are responsible for activation of nociceptors. Although the transduction of mechanical stimuli is poorly understood, ASICs are closely related to channels that respond to stretch. 

Drugs related to PCP are known to alter the carotid sinus reflex. Mechanical stimulation of the carotid sinus in the neck normally results in a slowing of heart rate and a decrease in blood pressure. Carotid sinus stimulation, coupled with the effects of PCP on blood vessels, might result in a marked fall in the blood pressure that could lead, ultimately, to death. Individuals intoxicated with PCP may be at a higher risk to complications of carotid compression neck holds. Hence, additional cases would be expected to become medicolegal issues. 

The general experimental approach used in 2D correlation spectroscopy is based on the detection of dynamic variations of spectroscopic signals induced by an external perturbation (Figure 7.43). Various molecular-level excitations may be induced by electrical, thermal, magnetic, chemical, acoustic, or mechanical stimulations. The effect of perturbation-induced changes in the local molecular environment may be manifested by time-dependent fluctuations of various spectra representing the system. Such transient fluctuations of spectra are referred to as dynamic spectra of the system. Apart from time, other physical variables in a generalised 2D correlation analysis may be temperature, pressure, age, composition, or even concentration. 

So the problem would be to compare the instruments that can be considered public oriented and those that can be considered market oriented, where the former is characterized by a public agency that defines a conduct rule and provides an enforcement system and the latter is characterized by instmments based on market mechanisms stimulating the conduct of the firm indirectly and by a private administration and enforcement system. 

Injured axons may develop spontaneous and repetitive firing known as ectopic activity. Injured primary afferents develop spontaneous action potential discharges that occur uncoupled from receptor stimulation in the periphery (Fig. 57-5). These ectopic discharges can be evoked by protons, cytokines or mechanical stimulation of the injured nerve. Another source of ectopic activity are pacemaker currents produced in the plasma membrane... 

R.aeymaek.ers Mechanical stimulation of cells in culture has been shown to release ATP which could diffuse to neighbouring cells and activate purinergic receptors. Can you exclude this possibility in the interpretation of your data ... 

There is extensive evidence consistent with a role for CRH in mediating stress effects on memory consohdation. Activation of CRH receptors in the BLA by CRH released from the CEA facilitates stress effects on memory consohdation. Memory enhancement produced by CRH infusions in the hippocampus are blocked by propranolol, suggesting CRH, through a presynaptic mechanism, stimulates NE release in the hippocampus (Roozendaal et al. 2002). 

Carlton SM, Hargett GL (1995) Treatment with the NMDA antagonist memantine attenuates nociceptive responses to mechanical stimulation in neuropathic rats. Netuosci Lett 198 115-118... 

The preparation of infusible (loose powder) ammonium nitrate mixtures is usually carried out in the same way as the manufacture of composite mining explosives. Since the military explosives are not very sensitive to mechanical stimulants, and it is important to obtain a high density, mixing is usually performed by edge runner mills. 

Following inflammation there is a 10-fold increase in axons expressing AMPA or kainate receptors (Coggeshall and Carlton, 1999). In anaesthetized rats, antagonism of AMPA/kainate receptors inhibits dorsal horn neuronal responses induced by innocuous and noxious mechanical stimulation of a chronically inflamed ankle (Neugebauer et al., 1994). Application of kainate to the rat hindpaw induces activation of primary afferent neurons, an effect that is reduced by the AMPA/kainate antagonist DNQX (Ault and Hildebrand, 1993). 

An electrophysiological study has shown that muscarine treatment of C-units left them with a marked and sustained desensitization to mechanical and heat stimuli (Bernadini et al., 2001). The mechanical desensitization is in agreement with preceeding results where the ACh analog carbachol was shown to excite C-nociceptors and at the same time produced desensitization to mechanical stimulation lasting up to 45 minutes (Steen and Reeh, 1993). 

How does aspirin differ from morphine Aspirin has three main beneficial effects in your body. It blocks pain in the mild-to-moderate range, and it reduces both inflammation and fever. Its effects on pain derive from its actions not on neuropeptides, such as the endogenous opiates in the brain, but on a local hormone called prostaglandin that is released at the site of bodily pain. When a cell in your body is damaged or injured, prota-glandins are rapidly synthesized and released from the injured cells. Prostaglandins help mediate pain in the injured areas. They sensitize your pain-sensing neurons to mechanical stimulation,... 

Franco-Obregon, A., and Lansman, J.B., 2002, Changes in mechanosensitive channel gating following mechanical stimulation in skeletal muscle myotubes from the mdx mouse, J Physiol, 539, pp 391-407. 

Lee HS, Millward-Sadler SJ, Wright MO, Nuki G, Salter DM. 2000. Integrin and mechanosensitive ion channel-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins and beta-catenin in human articular chondrocytes after mechanical stimulation. J Bone Miner Res 15 1501-9. 

Total sleep deprivation may not be performed easily because wake capacity is very low in neonates. The method of RSD by nondrug means has been developed and proven to be equally effective as RSD by drug. Since neonates are very sensitive to all kinds of stimulation and instrumental RSD (IRSD) has unavoidable mechanical stimulation, the application of IRSD in the neonate must be accompanied by a reasonable yoked control. Computer-controlled IRSD may not be applied before PN 12 because NREM sleep is undetectable before this age. 

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