Knowledge, scientific approach

It might be argued that not being limited by profound knowledge of, or belief in the known laws of nature (it is the feebleness of our understanding of those laws that make the purely scientific approach to innovation impractical. . . ), it is really the unusual thinkers such as science-fiction writers - people like Jules Verne come to mind - who take the lead in expanding our minds with respect to new materials functions and applications, as well as entirely new concepts for food, shelter, safety, transportation and communication. 

Love Canal also contributed strongly to the development of risk assessment methodologies since the Superfund Act required that determinations of clean-up levels be made based on a scientific assessment of data on the toxicity of contaminants found at the hazardous waste sites and the potential for exposure to those contaminants. In light of the limitations in available knowledge, new approaches had to be devised to answer the question of how clean is clean The methodology that was adopted married scientific data to value judgments about acceptable risk and margins of safety. This approach remains in use. 

As will be seen in the following sections, the newly achieved scientific knowledge seems to support some of the ancient traditions by reaffirming the effects and properties described in yesterday s folklore. At the same time, a few of the qualities seem to be based on superstitions and religious beliefs that are no longer valid, and thus, most likely will never be proven by a scientific approach to the subject. 

To do research is basically to generate knowledge which is made available to the scientific community via publication. The main aim is that other scientists will be convinced by the scientific approach and they can adopt the strategy or scientific principle for answering their own research questions. Thus, criteria for good to excellent biosensor research have to be measured in terms of the following questions ... 

The traditional scientific approach to pharmaceutical safety assessment was based largely on the concept of xenobiotic-mediated direct injury to the whole animal, organ, tissue, or cell manifested by death altered function or modified growth rates. As scientific knowledge advanced, it became apparent that a variety of mechanisms were involved including direct injury to cellular macromolecules (e.g., DNA, RNA, proteins) or organelles (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum), adaptive responses (e.g., induction or inhibition of cyto-... 

Scientific Traditional disciplines Knowledge-based approaches in... 

Likewise practitioners will find it helpful to understand the logic behind the scientific approach scientific questions are initially practical questions asked in different ways, often by (over)simplifying they must be innovative and should not aim merely to apply or adapt tried-and-tested ideas they are not therefore confined to experiments designed to test a given technique protocols must be rigorous results may be unexpeeted and even contrary to what was hoped for they may sometimes be of little immediate benefit and they may take a long time to acquire finally scientific knowledge is universal in character and must be certified by academic publication if it is to exist at all. 

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