Schultz method

A recent brief review showed the working principles of various automatic analyzers6. A modified account of N and O analysis will be presented here. Today there exist in the market instruments that perform organic elemental analyses in a few minutes. The ease and speed of such analyses enable the use of such instruments for routine analysis. Although some operational details vary from model to model and between one manufacturer and another, all these instruments can be considered as exalted versions of the classical Pregl determination of C and H by conversion to CO2 and H2O, together with Dumas method for N by conversion to N2, the calorimetric bomb method for S by conversion to SO2 and SO3 and Schultzes method for O by conversion to CO. This is combined with modern electronic control, effective catalysts and instrumental measuring methods such as IR detectors and GC analyzers. 

Schultz, Methods for fats and lipids, in G.L. Lee (Ed.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Manual of Histologic Staining Methods, 1968, p. 140. 

Oita, 1. J. and Conway, H. S. (1954). Direct determination of oxygen in organic substances by modified Schultze method. Anal. Chem. 26, 600-602. 

Isopropylidene-D-erythrose (104) was treated with Wittig reagent to give the olefin 110. This was subjected to a Mitsunobu reaction to afford the azide intermediate 111, whose intramolecular cycloaddition in refluxing benzene produced the bicyclic iminium ion 112. Treatment of 112 with tm-butylamine gave 113, which upon hydroboration using the modification of Schultz method " afforded the acetonides 48 as a major product in addition to 114 (7%). Aqueous acid hydrolysis of 48 afforded 1 in 39% overall yield from 104. 

In addition to the methods discussed above, there are a few other solid surface tension determination methods, such as the Wu method [29, 30] and the Schultz methods [31, 32], which also fall into the category of partitioning surface tensions into independent components. Wu used the harmonic means to describe the interfacial surface tension instead of the geometric mean, based on a few slightly different assumptions to derive the equations for Wu s model. The Schultz methods can be considered as a special case of the extended Fowkes method. The contact angle of a polar liquid (usually water) on the solid is conducted in another nonpolar liquid medium (e.g., pure hydrocarbon compounds), or the contact angle of a nonpolar liquid on the solid is measured in another polar liquid medium. 

The other factors mentioned come into play with the inherent mismatch that occurs when an overall factor must be appUed to correlate the flange-to-flange method. The correlation proposed in the code is based on work by Schultz [8] and was quite good for its day. When combined with modem calculation methods and equations of state, the philosophy is still valid. 

Using a method suggested by Saint-Flour and Papirer [100], Schultz and Lavielle obtained A// -values for the interaction of several vapors of differing donor numbers and acceptor numbers with various treated and untreated carbon fibers used in the preparation of carbon fiber-epoxy matrix composites. was expressed as ... 

A review (97JPR(339)I) covering the literature from 1984 to 1995 on the synthetic methods, reactions and biological applications of mono- and bicyclic, S-oxides and, S,S-dioxides was published in 1997 by B. Schultze and K. Ilgen. 

The present procedure is that of Davis and Schultz.2 4-Hepta-none has also been synthesized by virtually every general method... 

The intrinsic viscosity data calculated from the methods of Fluggins, Kramer, Schultz-Blaschke and Martin are shown in Table 1, and how to perform these steps are shown in Figure 1. 

Headspace analysis has also been used to determine trichloroethylene in water samples. High accuracy and excellent precision were reported when GC/ECD was used to analyze headspace gases over water (Dietz and Singley 1979). Direct injection of water into a portable GC suitable for field use employed an ultraviolet detector (Motwani et al. 1986). While detection was comparable to the more common methods (low ppb), recovery was very low. Solid waste leachates from sanitary landfills have been analyzed for trichloroethylene and other volatile organic compounds (Schultz and Kjeldsen 1986). Detection limits for the procedure, which involves extraction with pentane followed by GC/MS analysis, are in the low-ppb and low-ppm ranges for concentrated and unconcentrated samples, respectively. Accuracy and precision data were not reported. 

Au, Sb and Hg are more enriched into the ores of back-arc basins compared with midoceanic ridge and thus it is likely that back-arc basin hydrothermal flux for these elements is higher than midoceanic ridge hydrothermal flux. However, the concentrations of these elements in back-arc basin hydrothermal solution have not been analyzed. Thus, we need to accumulate analytical data on the concentration of these elements in back-arc basin hydrothermal solution. Further, H2O flux from back-arc basin has to be estimated based on various methods ( He/He, Mg concentration, Li isotope, Sr isotope, Ge/Si ratio) which was argued for midoceanic ridge hydrothermal system by Elderfield and Schultz (1996), but not for back-arc basin by the previous workers. 

Liu and Schmitt (1984, 1993a,b, 1996) and Liu et al. (1988) derived the relationship between the negative Ce anomaly of seawater and PcOj from thermochemical calculations. Liu and his coworkers estimated Pco2 variation during the last 120 Ma based on this method. Pco2 middle Miocene age estimated by Liu and his coworkers is high and seems to be consistent with that by Ishikawa (1996). However, Liu s method was criticized by Elderfield and Schultz (1987). Ce anomaly depends not only on Pco2> but on many other factors such as P02, pH and SCe. 

Schultz, G. Weidinger, A. (1996) Nuclear Condensed Matter Physics Nuclear Methods and Applications. Wiley Sons, Chichester. 

If no Mollier diagram is available, it is more difficult to estimate the ideal work in compression or expansion processes. Schultz (1962) gives a method for the calculation of the polytropic work, based on two generalised compressibility functions, X and Y which supplement the familiar compressibility factor Z. 

These expressions can be used to calculate the polytropic work and outlet temperature by substitution in equations 3.31 and 3.35. They can also be used to make a first estimate of T2 in order to estimate the mean reduced temperature for use with Figures 3.9 and 3.10. The use of Schultz s method is illustrated in Examples 3.11 and 3.16. 

Corso, T.N., Schultz, G.A., Prosser, S.J. (2003). Separation media, multiple electrospray nozzle system and method. United States Patent 6,596,988. 2003 July 22. 

Schultz, M. C. (1999). Chromatin assembly in yeast cell-free extracts. Methods 17, 161—172. 

Most of the commonly used electronic-structure methods are based upon Hartree-Fock theory, with electron correlation sometimes included in various ways (Slater, 1974). Typically one begins with a many-electron wave function comprised of one or several Slater determinants and takes the one-electron wave functions to be molecular orbitals (MO s) in the form of linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO s) (An alternative approach, the generalized valence-bond method (see, for example, Schultz and Messmer, 1986), has been used in a few cases but has not been widely applied to defect problems.)... 

A systematic replacement of any amino acid in the sequence for photoreac-tive analogues allows a photoaffinity scanning of the binding interface. Since solid-phase synthesis is limited in the length of the peptide, Schultz et al. developed a sophisticated method which makes it possible to incorporate unnatural amino acids into large peptide sequences. The photoreactive amino acid was linked to transfer RNA, which inserted the amino acid into the required position by in vivo translation [44]. 

FIGURE 5.2. Example of dose probe method with delayed deaths. Source Schultz and Fuchs, 1982. 

Correlations in the co-occurrence of domains can assist in the identification of distant members of a protein family that are not detected with significance using standard database searching methods. In all known examples of proteins with Cl and CNH domains, for example, there is an intervening PH domain (Schultz et al., 1998). The only exception to... 

Schultz and Branson (S2), Schultz and Wiech (S3), Hogan (H12, H13), Cho (C2, Method No. 2), and Cohen (C5) all used the quadrupole mass spectrometer. This involves passage of accelerated aerosol particles between four longitudinal electrodes in high vacuum. These electrodes have imposed... 

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