Schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Patel, N. C., Crismon, M. L., Shafer, A., De Leon, A., Lopez, M. et al. (2006). Ethnic variation in symptoms and response to risperidone in youths with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Soc. Psychiatry. Psychiatr. Epidemiol., 41, 341-6. 

Tyrka, A. R., Cannon, T. D., Haslam, N., Mednick, S. A., Schulsinger, F., Schulsinger, H., Parnas, J. (1995). The latent structure of schizotypy I. Premorbid indicators of a taxon of individuals at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Journal ojAbnoimal Psychology, 104, 173-183. 

Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder. Cross sectionally, it is often difficult to distinguish major depression with psychotic features from the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. There are theoretically qualitative differences in the psychosis that may help to make the distinction. Psychosis in the context of a mood disorder tends to be manifested by persecutory and nihilistic themes, but schizophrenia is more often characterized by paranoia and disorganization. However,... 

Psychosocial morbidity association. Cannabis dependence is a prevalent comorbid substance use disorder among patients early in the course of a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Among 29 eligible patients, 18 participated in the study. First-episode patients with comorbid cannabis dependence (n = 8) reported significantly greater childhood physical and sexual abuse compared with those without comorbid cannabis dependence (n = 10). The result indicated the preliminary evidence of an association between childhood maltreatment and cannabis dependence among this especially vulnerable population. Child-... 

TABLE 15.2 Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders in Parents of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia Patients, Parents of Adult-Onset Schizophrenia Patients, and Parents of Community Controls... 

Nicoison, R., Gochman, P., Lenane, M., Brookner, F., Egan, M.F., Pickar, D., Weinberger, D.R., and Rapoport, J.L. (2000b) Familial schizophrenia spectrum disorders in childhood- and adult-onset schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 47 12S-13S. 

Sowell, E.R., Levitt, J., Thompson, P.M., Holmes, C.J., Blanton, R.E., Kornsand, D.S., Caplan, R., McCracken, J., Asarnow, R., and Toga, A.W (2000). Brain abnormalities observed in early onset schizophrenia spectrum disorder observed with statistical parametric mapping of structural magnetic resonance images. Am J Psychiatry 157 1475-1484. 

Arendt M, Rosenberg R, Foldager L, Perto G Minuk-Jorgensen P (2005). Cannabis-induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders follow-up study of 535 incident cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 510-15... 

Several studies have looked at schizophrenia spectrum disorders and results have been less clear than for first-degree relatives. For instance, coherent motion thresholds, PI amplitude, contrast sensitivity, and form and trajectory discrimination were not impaired (Farmer et al., 2000 O Donnell et al., 2006 Vohs et al., 2008) in schizotypal personality disorder. However, a backward masking deficit was found in schizotypal personality disorder (Cadenhead et al., 1999). 

Brenner CA, Wilt MA, Lysaker PH, Koyfman A, O Donnell BF. 2003. Psychometrically matched visualprocessing tasks in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 112 28-37. 

Significant correlation between duration of atypical meds and NAA signal in ACC in patients on atypical antipsychotics typical neuroleptic users showed progressive decrease in NAA levels in ACC 4 NAA in ACC and fewer errors on Wisconsin Card Sort Task in patients treated with atypical meds compared with patients treated with typical antipsychotics 4 NAA/Cr in FL of children with schizophrenia spectrum disorders no medication effects or other metabolite differences found... 

Brooks WM, Hodde-Vargas J, Vargas LA, Yeo RA, Ford CC, et al. 1998. Frontal lobe of children with schizophrenia spectrum disorders A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic study. Biol Psychiatry 43 263-269. 

Uhlhaas PJ, Silverstein SM. 2005. Perceptual organization in schizophrenia spectrum disorders Empirical research and theoretical implications. Psychol Bull 131 618-632. 

Thompson K. 2003. Stigma and public health policy for schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 26(1) 273-294. Tienari P, Wynne LC, Sorri A, Fahti I, Faksy K, et al. 2004. Genotype-environment interaction in schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Long-term follow-up study of Finnish adoptees. Br J Psychiatry 184 216-222. 

Rosa A, Peralta V, Papiol S, Cuesta Ml, Serrano F, Martinez-Larrea A, Fananas L (2004) Interleukin-1 beta (IL-lbeta) gene and increased risk for the depressive symptom-dimension in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 124 10-14. 

Loganovskya KN, Loganovskaya TK Schizophrenia spectrum disorders in persons exposed to ionizing radiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident. Schizophr Bull 26 751-773, 2000... 

Psychosis can also occur in what s known as schizoaffective disorder, essentially a symptom-combination of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder seen in some patients. In a recendy conceived diagnostic categorization, schizoaffective disorder is included with schizophrenia, along with related disorders such as schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders, under the umbrella term schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The lifetime prevalence of schizoaffective disorder is less than 1 percent, but the numbers are flexible, since it s often used as a preliminary... 

A study of 20,000 pregnant women in California, begun in the 1990s, has been yielding data about the relation between prenatal environment and the risk for adult onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). Results indicate that first trimester... 

Other possible prenatal factors are neurotoxins Although there has been too little research examining schizophrenia as a possible outcome of fetal lead exposure, it has been proposed that fetal blood levels of lead greater than 15 units (micrograms per deciliter) may double the risk of childhood or adult schizophrenia spectrum disorder.39Another important possibility is that prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors, such as bis-phenol-A (a polymer environmental pollutant present in many plastic consumer products) can be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia.40 Past research has indeed demonstrated endocrine and neuroendocrine abnormalities in schizophrenics.41... 

Observational studies In a retrospective comparison of risperidone with haloperidol or trifluoperazine in an Asian population with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders ( = 261), some 90% discontinued treatment before 18 months however, the median time to discontinuation of risperidone was 69 days compared with 27 days for the first-generation antipsychotic drugs [123 ]. Risperidone had a longer time to discontinuation owing to intolerable adverse reactions than haloperidol and trifluoperazine. Nevertheless, lack of comparability precluded firm conclusions. 

Liew A, Verma S, Poon LY, Edimansyah A, Subramaniam M, Vaingankar J, Chong SA. Comparing effectiveness of risperidone with first-generation antipsychotic medications in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Ann Psy-chopharmacol 2010 24 973-80. 

Sikich L, Frazier JA, McClellan J, Findling RL, Vitiello B, Ritz L, Ambler D, Puglia M, Maloney AE, Michael E, De Jong S, Slifka K, Noyes N, Hlastala S, Pierson L, McNamara NK, Delporto-Bedoya D, Anderson R, Hamer RM, Lieberman JA. Double-blind comparison of first- and second-generation antipsychotics in early-onset schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder findings from the treatment of early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (TEOSS) study. Am J Psychiatry 2008 165(11) 1420-31. 

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