Scale-up of chemical processes

Tuma, L. and C. Bagner 1998. Assurance of Safe Pilot Plant Scale-Up of Chemical Processes, in (G. A. Melhem and H. G. Fisher, eds.). International Symposium on Runaway Reactions, Pressure Relief Design, and Effluent Handling, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York. 

Bisio, A. and Kabel, R.L., 1985. Scale-up of Chemical Processes Conversion from Laboratory Scale Tests to Successful Commercial Size Design. New York Wiley. 

In spite of decades of experience gained with scale-up of chemical processes, there still appear unexpected, sometimes mysterious scale-up effects. In terms of chemical reaction characteristics, these effects are mainly lower yields (selectivities) and products less pure than on the laboratory scale. Chemists involved in fine chemistry usually do not study the nature of scale-up effects. They expect these effects to appear if engineers do not take appropriate... 

Amery, G., 1994, Proc. 1st Intern. Conf. on The Scale-Up of Chemical Processes, Brighton, Sept. 26-29. 

Stefanick, S.M., 1994, Proc. 7th RC User Forum, St. Petersburg Beach, Florida, Oct. 23-26. Steinbach, J., 1994, Proc. 1st Intern. Conf. on the Scale-Up of Chemical Processes, Brighton, Sept. 26-29. 

J. Blacker, Scale-Up of Chemical Processes, Conference Proc., 1998 Chem. Abstr., 133, 296455 (2000). 

Amery, G. (2001). "Reactive Chemical Hazard Evaluation in the Scale-Up of Chemical Processes." Aldrichimica Acta 34, 2, 61-67. 

Burke, P. E. Spec. Publ. -R. Soc. Chem., 195 (Pilot Plants and Scale-up of Chemical Processes), 1997, 52... 

Block LH. Scale-up of disperse systems theoretical and practical aspects. In Lieberman HA, Rieger MM, Banker GS, eds. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Disperse Systems. Vol. 3. 2nd ed. New York Marcel Dekker, 1998 363. Astarita G. Scale-up overview, closing remarks, and cautions. In Bisio A, Kabel RL, eds. Scale-up of Chemical Processes Conversion from Laboratory Scale Tests to Successful Commercial Size Design. New York Wiley, 1985 678. Gekas V. Transport Phenomena of Foods and Biological Materials. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 1992 5-62. 

Knowledge of the thermochemistry of molecules is of major importance in the chemical sciences and is essential to many technologies. Thermochemical data provide information on stabilities and reactivities of molecules that are used, for example, in modeling reactions occurring in combustion, the atmosphere, and chemical vapor deposition. Thermochemical data are a key factor in the safe and successful scale-up of chemical processes in the chemical industry. Despite compilations of experimental thermochemical data of many compounds, there are numerous molecular species for which data are lacking. In addition, the data in the compilations are sometimes incorrect. Experimental measurements of thermochemical data are often expensive and difficult, so it... 

W. Hoyle (Ed.)., Pilot Plants and Scale-Up of Chemical Processes, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1999... 

Fair, J. R, Continuous Mass Transfer, Chapter 13 in Scale up of Chemical Processes, A. R. Bisio and R.L. Kabel, Eds., Wiley, New York, 1985. 

Bisio, A., in A. Bisio and R. L. Kabel (Editors), Scale Up of Chemical Processes, John Wiley, New York, 1986, Chapter 1. 

Vol. 66, p. 273 (j) B. Cornils, Symposium The Scale-up of Chemical Processes, 25th-28th Sept. 2000, St. Helier, Jersey Conference Proceedings, pp. 27-37. 

Astarita G. (1985) Scale up overview, closing remarks, and cautions. In Bisio A, Kabel RL, editors. Scale-up of chemical processes conversion from laboratory scale tests to successful commercial size design. WUey, New York, USA. p 678. 

M. Pollard, 4th International Conference on Scale-Up of Chemical Processes, 2000, Jersey, UK, Papers p. 207. 

It is noted that similar approaches are followed for reactor devices for easier scale-up of chemical processes from the laboratory experiments to technical scale. 

To be successful at the scale-up of chemical processes requires the utilization of a broad spectrum of technical skills and a mature understanding of the total problem under study. The chemist s knowledge of the chemical literature and of the raw material database may restrict the choice of routes made. I cannot stress too much die importance of keeping up with the chemical literature as an essential part of the discipline of chemical development. The literature should be surveyed for chemistry which is applicable on a large scale, e.g. cheap reagents, useful catalysts, reactions which could be carried out in water or under phase transfer conditions and reactions which use common bases such as sodium carbonate instead of organolithium reagents. 

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