Saturated sodium calomel electrode

Hg/Hg2CI2 sat. NaCI saturated sodium calomel electrode (SSCE) 0.2360... 

Scanning electrochemical microscopy Saturated sodium calomel electrode (SSCE = 0.236 V vs. the normal hydrogen electrode)... 

Electrochemistry was performed in normal three-electrode mode with a PAR 273A potentiostat/galvanostat and a conventional glass electrochemical cell. Potentials were recorded versus a saturated sodium calomel reference electrode (SSCE). 

There are few photochemical studies on dinuclear and polynuclear gold (I) and (III) complexes in the literature. The [ n+ l)pa, nda ] excited states of [Au2(dppm)2] are powerful reductants, with an E° value of—1.6(1) V vs. SSCE (saturated sodium chloride calomel electrode) [3, 4a, 9] however [Au2(diphosphine)2] systems do not... 

In addition to their use as reference electrodes in routine potentiometric measurements, electrodes of the second kind with a saturated KC1 (or, in some cases, with sodium chloride or, preferentially, formate) solution as electrolyte have important applications as potential probes. If an electric current passes through the electrolyte solution or the two electrolyte solutions are separated by an electrochemical membrane (see Section 6.1), then it becomes important to determine the electrical potential difference between two points in the solution (e.g. between the solution on both sides of the membrane). Two silver chloride or saturated calomel electrodes are placed in the test system so that the tips of the liquid bridges lie at the required points in the system. The value of the electrical potential difference between the two points is equal to that between the two probes. Similar potential probes on a microscale are used in electrophysiology (the tips of the salt bridges are usually several micrometres in size). They are termed micropipettes (Fig. 3.8D.)... 

Mishra and Gode developed a direct current polarographic method for the quantitative determination of niclosamide in tablets using individually three different buffer systems, namely Mcllraine s buffers (pH 2.20 8.00), borate buffers (pH 7.80—10.00), and Britton Robinson s buffers (pH 2.00—12.00) as well as 0.2 M sodium hydroxide. The drug was extracted from the sample with methanol, appropriate buffer was added to an aliquot and the solution then polarographed at the dropping-mercury electrode versus saturated calomel electrode at 25°C [36], The resultant two-step reduction waves observed were irreversible and diffusion-controlled. For the quantitative determination, the method of standard addition was used. Niclosamide can be determined up to a level of 5—10 pg/mL. 

Figure 2.1. Differential pulse polarographic verification of sunlight-induced bromate production in chlorinated seawater. Curve (a) polarogram from untreated seawater, seawater immediately after chlorination to 4.9 ppm, or chlorinated seawater kept in the dark for 4 h at 40 °C. Curve (b) polarogram from chlorinated seawater exposed to full sunlight for 70 min. Curve (c) standard 1.0 x 10-6 M sodium bromate in seawater, offset with respect to curves (a) and (b). Polarograms were recorded at 25 °CandpH 8.35 SCE saturated calomel electrode. From [19]...

Care In some books, SSCE is taken to mean a sodium chloride saturated calomel electrode. 

Charlie Focht of the Nebraska State Agriculture Laboratory refills a saturated calomel electrode with saturated potassium chloride while preparing to analyze animal feed samples for sodium chloride via a poten-tiometric titration. 

Care some authors use the acronym SSCE to mean a sodium calomel electrode, i.e. an SCE filled with NaCl rather than KCl. In order to avoid this confusion, we will avoid this acronym altogether. 

We recall from earlier that this electrode is often termed the SSCE, an acronym we will not be using here because so many authors use it to refer to the sodium saturated calomel electrode. 

Krasensky and Studnickova [221] have prepared quaternary ammonium amalgam via electroreduction of tetraethylam-monium tetrafluoroborate in the aqueous medium at the room temperature. At the applied voltage of —2.8 to —2.4 V versus sodium saturated calomel electrode (SSCE) hydrogen evolution occurred simultaneously. Composition of the black precipitate formed was found to be Et4N Hg, where x = 2.9 0.8. 

For the electrochemical measurements reported herein, all cyclic voltammetry measurements are performed in CH2C12 with 0.1 M tetra-n-butylammonium tetrafluoroborate (Bu4NBF4) as supporting electrolyte, while measurements in CH3CN use 0.1 M tetra-ethylammonium perchlorate. Cyclic voltammetry measurements are performed in a three-electrode, one-compartment cell equipped with a Pt working electrode, a Pt auxiliary electrode, and a saturated sodium chloride calomel (SSCE) reference electrode. E1 2 = (Ep.a + Ep.c)/2 AEP = Ep,e - Ep,a-Ei/2 and AEP values are measured at 100 mV/sec. Ferrocene is used as a reference in the measurement of the electrochemical potentials. 

PrOH/aqueous 25 mM sodium perchlorate, 45 45 10 palmitate dative mode) glassy carbon electrode, +1.2 V vs saturated calomel electrode ... 

Fig. 10 HPLC chromatograms of supercritical fluid extracts of (A) an unfortified wheat sample and (B) a vitamin A-fortified bran-based ready-to-eat breakfast cereal. Column, 5-/rm Altex C8 (octyl) (150 X 4.6-mm ID) mobile phase, acetonitrile/2-propanol/aqueous 25 mM sodium perchlorate (45 45 10), 2.0 ml/min amperometric detection (oxidative mode), glassy carbon electrode, +1.2 V, vs saturated calomel electrode. Peak (1) retinyl palmitate. (Reprinted from Ref. 90, Copyright 1997, with the kind permission of Elsevier Science-NL, Sara Burgerhartstraat 25, 1055 KV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)...

The resulting solution is again distilled and 150 ml of distillate are collected. The distillate is acidified with 3 ml of 3 M sulfuric acid and 25 g of sodium sulfate. The mixture is redistilled and 100 ml of distillate are collected. To one half of the distillate are added 5 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. The solution is reduced electrochemically to the amine at a mercury cathode at -1.8 V versus the saturated calomel electrode for 1 h. The two portions of the distillate are then acidified with 1 ml of 2 M hydrochloric acid and are evaporated to dryness. To each dry residue are added 1.5 ml of 1% sodium tetraborate and 0.2 ml of 3% DNFB in dioxane. The reaction mixture is heated at 60 °C for 25 min, after which 0.2 ml of 2 M sodium hydroxide is added and the mixture is heated for another 15 min. After cooling, the solution is shaken vigorously with 1 ml of cyclohexane. The organic layer is then extracted with three 2-ml volumes of 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate and the extracts are used for chromatography. The difference in results obtained with and without reduction are taken as indicative of the presence of nitrosamines. 

An attempt to combine electrochemical and micellar-catalytic methods is interesting from the point of view of the mechanism of anode nitration of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene with sodium nitrite (Laurent et al. 1984). The reaction was performed in a mixture of water with in 2% surface-active compounds of cationic, anionic, or neutral nature. It was established that 2,5-dimethoxy-l-nitrobenzene—the product—was formed only in the region of potentials corresponding to simultaneous electro-oxidation of the substrate to the cation radical and of the nitrite ion to the nitrogen dioxide radical (1.5 V versus saturated calomel electrode). 

For most potentiometric measurements, either the saturated calomel reference electrode or the silver/silver chloride reference electrode are used. These electrodes can be made compact, are easily produced, and provide reference potentials that do not vary more than a few mV. The silver/silver chloride electrode also finds application in non-aqueous solutions, although some solvents cause the silver chloride film to become soluble. Some experiments have utilised reference electrodes in non-aqueous solvents that are based on zinc or silver couples. From our own experience, aqueous reference electrodes are as convenient for non-aqueous systems as are any of the prototypes that have been developed to date. When there is a need to exclude water rigorously, double-salt bridges (aqueous/non-aqueous) are a convenient solution. This is true even though they involve a liquid junction between the aqueous electrolyte system and the non-aqueous solvent system of the sample solution. The use of conventional reference electrodes does cause some difficulties if the electrolyte of the reference electrode is insoluble in the sample solution. Hence, the use of a calomel electrode saturated with potassium chloride in conjunction with a sample solution that contains perchlorate ion can cause dramatic measurements due to the precipitation of potassium perchlorate at the junction. Such difficulties normally can be eliminated by using a double junction that inserts another inert electrolyte solution between the reference electrode and the sample solution (e.g., a sodium chloride solution). 

Bis[dimethylpropylsilylmethyl] Ditellurium5 An H-shapcd electrolytic cell with a ealholyte volume of 100 ml is fitted with a tellurium cathode (99.99% purity, 15-20 cm2 surface area) and a platinum-net anode. To the cathode compartment, separated from the anode by a ceramic diaphragm of 1.6 gm pore size, are added 100 ml of a 1 molar solution of dry sodium perchlorate in dimethylformamide and the catholyte is deaerated with argon. At a cathode potential of 1.4 V with respect to an aqueous saturated calomel electrode, 2500... 

NCS, NH3, PR, py, CNR,...) have reversible potentials ranging from -0.3 to +2.0 V in acetonitrile vs. the saturated sodium chloride calomel (SSCE) reference electrode (2) and electron transfer involving such couples is known to be facile (3). Ru(IV) is also an accessible oxidation state at relatively low potentials by loss o grotons from bound water following oxidation, Ru(bpy)2(py)... 

Hall Ode termined the half-wave potential of sodium cephalothin. The E value was dependent upon both pH and concentration. The equation for the pH dependence at a concentration of 0. 5 mM in Mcllvaine, buffers was E = -0.992-0.078 pH. All data obtained were versus the saturated calomel electrode at 25 C. The method was not considered sufficiently accurate for use as a quantitative assay since the relative standard deviation was about 5% ... 

Figure 3.9 (A) Dynamic polarization curves obtained using the pyrolytic graphite (PC) disk (A = 0.46 cm2) of a Pt PG RRDE recorded in 1.5 mM Co (111) (cyclam) in 0.5 M HCIO4 aqueous solutions,forw= 100,400,900 and 1600 rpm, where SSCE stands for a sodium chloride saturated calomel electrode. The corresponding ring currents obtained for Ering = 0.6 V are shown in the lower panel. (B) Plots of fJjTjc and /ring versus CO1 2.

A three-electrode cell was used for the electrochemical impedance measurements, consisting of the working electrode, a platinum counter electrode, and a saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The electrolyte was 0.1 M sodium chloride. A Zahner-Electric IM6d impedance spectrometer was used for the impedance measurements. The impedance spectra were recorded at open circuit potential (OCP) in a frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 50 kHz with an AC amplitude of 10 mV. The thickness of the barrier film was calculated from the capacitance, a dielectric constant of 6.5 estimated from electrical measurement (see below) was used. 

In preparing all solutions, the distilled, deionized water was boiled to remove C02 prior to its use. All samples were then kept sealed to prevent any absorption of C02 during equilibration. For the Sephadex, a 3-4-day period was sufficient to achieve equilibrium with the IRC-50, however, the equilibrium interval exceeded 2 weeks. At equilibrium, pH and pNa measurements at 25° 0.1 °C were made with the system under a nitrogen atmosphere. All pH measurements were made with a glass electrode using a Radiometer Model 4 pH meter. A sodium-ion selective electrode was used to measure pNa. A saturated calomel electrode was used as the reference electrode. 

The calcium and sodium activity coefficients were determined at 25.0 - 0.1 C with an Orion electrode (model 92-32) and a Radiometer electrode (model G502 Na), respectively. A saturated calomel electrode was used as the reference. Calibration curves were obtained using CaCl or NaCl solutions before and after each measurement. The CaCl2 and NaCl concentrations were measured by potentiometric determinations of the chlorides with silver nitrate and with a silver electrode. 

SSCE sodium saturated calomel electrode, Hg/Hg2Cl2/NaCl (sat d)... 

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