Saponins analysis

Saponin analysis of these products and of the alfalfa sprouts was by the procedure of Livingston et al. (1977). The samples were assayed in duplicate at three levels using a Trichodernia bioassay, comparing the results with a standard saponin, calculating saponin by means of a slope ratio analysis. 

Tiiterpenoid saponin exists widely in plants of Araliaceae, Campanulaceae, Polygalaceae, Leguminosae, Umbelliferae, etc. Tiiterpenoid saponin is consisted of triteipenoid sapogenins and saccharide chain. Tetracyclic and pentacyclic triteipenoid saponins are very common and showed extensive activity on immune system, cardiovascular system, even with antitumor effect. They have long been under study to elucidate their activity and mechanism, new structural compounds, and develop rapid and accurate analytical methods. The isolation of triterpenoid saponins is tedious due to their high polarity, and so is the structure identification due to the presence of more than three monosaccharides. New analytical tools and approaches have been developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of triteipenoid saponins in food, medicinal plant and health care products. This chapter describes spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, and chromatography coupled with different detector for triterpenoid saponin analysis in matrix. 

E. C. (1988b). Incorporation of the major outer membrane protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in saponin-Upid complexes (Iscoms) Chemical analysis, some structural features, and comparison of their immunogenicity with three other antigen delivery systems, Inf. Immun., 56, 432-438. 

Figure 3.11 High resolution (i.e., greater thanl 0,000) MALDI-TOFMS analysis of an alfalfa saponin extract. Accurate mass measurements are obtained by internal calibration and used to rapidly identify multiple saponins.

Samukawa, K., Yamashita, H., Matsuda, H., and Kubo, M. (1995). Simultaneous analysis of saponins in ginseng radix by high performance liquid chromatography. Chem. Pharm. Bull 43, 137-141. 

Takino, Y., Odani, T., Tanizawa, H., and Hayashi, T. (1982). Studies on the absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of ginseng saponins. I. Quantitative analysis of ginsenoside Rgi in rats. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 30, 2196-2201. 

Zhang, H., and Cheng, Y. (2006). Solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometric analysis of saponins in Chinese patent medicine of formulated Salvia miltiorrhizae and Panax notoginseng. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 40,429 32. 

Direct injection API-Electrospray MS is capable of analyzing much larger and less volatile substances than either EI/MS or CI/MS. As a result, this method is often used to provide structural information on peptides, proteins, and polymers derived from both natural and synthetic processes it is also useful in the analysis of many natural compounds including molecules such as saponins and flavonol glycosides, derived from plants. When using direct injection API-electrospray, partial purification and EC preparation are performed elsewhere and a collected fraction is dissolved in an appropriate solvent and injected as a bolus into the mass spectrometer (flow or direct injection or syringe infusion). This has an advantage, as the mass... 

Quidde T et al (1999) Evidence for three different specific saponins-detoxifying activities in Botrytis cinerea and cloning and functional analysis of a gene coding for a putative avenacinase. Eur J Plant Pathol 105 273... 

The synthesis of triterpenoid saponins from the skeletons shown in Fig. 2 involves a series of further modifications that may include a variety of different oxidation and substitution events [9]. Very little is known about the enzymes and genes involved in the elaboration of the triterpenoid skeleton, although genetic and biochemical analysis of saponin-deficient mutants of plants is likely to accelerate the dissection of these processes [16]. Progress has been made in the characterisation of saponin glucosyltransferases (primarily for steroidal and steroidal alkaloid saponins), and the first of these enzymes (StSGT from potato) has been cloned. Since glycosylation at the C-3 hydroxyl position confers am-... 

The difficulty of separating L-arabinose from L-rhamnose has already been noted, and, in a model study directed towards the analysis of steroidal saponins, it was found that a column of (cyanoethyl)sili-cone (XF-1105) was particularly suitable for resolving L-arabinose, D-xylose, and L-rhamnose.31... 

This combination of chemical reactions and NMR analysis, anyway, requested some hundreds milligrams of pure saponin which often are not available. 

Fig. 8.16. Cell cycle analysis of CD8-positive and CD8-negative cells. Lymphocytes were cultured with phytohemagglutinin, stained with FITC anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody, treated with saponin to permeabilize the outer membrane, and then stained with propidium iodide (PI) and RNase. Cells provided by Ian Brotherick.

CD detection for colored derivatives might just as easily be used for structural information about the carbohydrates as well as for their analysis, but so far little attention has been given to either application. Cyclic oligomers of p-D-glucose have important supporting roles to play in analytical applications that are discussed in a later section. The union of chirality in the carbohydrate moiety of a glycoside metabolite with the unsaturation in the base in such compounds as nucleosides and nucleotides, saponins and flavones, etc., is another area that will ultimately be developed for applications of chiroptical detection methods. New and imaginative ideas are needed for the analysis of carbohydrates, and CD should be one of the favored methods. 

Determinations of Cu, Fe, and Zn have also been accomplished using FAAS [42-47]. For instance, Cu, Fe, and Zn have been determined by directly aspirating diluted milk containing an aqueous detergent (0.1 percent Meriten, 0.1 percent Saponin or 0.01 percent Triton X-100) [48, 49]. It has to be pointed out, however, that milk is a difficult matrix for direct analysis as a consequence of its high fat content and the presence of inorganic salts (especially of Ca, K, and P). 

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