Sanitation effect

Tetrasilver tetroxide is a powerful oxidizer for sanitizing swimming pools, hot tubs, and industrial cooling system waters (see Water, treatment of SWIMMINGPOOLS, SPAS, AND HOT tubs). This oxide is slightly soluble and its dissociation into silver ions is enhanced by the addition of the oxidizer KgSgOg. Bivalent and trivalent silver disinfectants have been shown to be from 50 to 200 times more effective as sanitizers than monovalent silver compounds. 

Sanitization is a cleaning procedure that reduces microbial contaminants on certain surfaces to safe or relatively safe levels, as defined by the EPA or pubHc health authorities. The article is usually cleaned with hot water and various germicidal detergents. Sanitization can be safe for a product in contact with intact skin or for food utensils, but it is not considered safe for articles to be inserted in the human body. Effective sanitization is a requirement in the processing of reusable medical suppHes before packaging and sterilization. It is also a requirement in the maintenance of utensils and containers used for food preparation. 

NaOH for stabiUty which has only a small effect on pool pH. It is a commonly used sanitizer for swimming pools. In pool water, it produces hypochlorite ion and hypochlorous acid ... 

Calcium Hypochlorite. This chemical, marketed since 1928, is one of the most widely used swimming-pool water sanitizers. Calcium hypochlorite, a crystalline sofld, is a convenient source of available chlorine and is sold in granular or tablet form for use in home, semiprivate, and commercial pools. When dissolved in water, Ca(OCl)2 forms hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion similar to NaOCl. It contains small amounts of stabilizing Ca(OH)2, which has a very small effect on pool pH (7). Calcium hypochlorite has superior storage stabiUty and much higher available CI2 concentration than Hquid bleach, which reduces storage requirements and purchasing frequency. 

Whereas tests (186) indicated that ampholytes were effective in skin cleansing for preoperative use, for wound cleansing, and as an antiseptic in the oral cavity (187), as well as other medical appHcations, the food and beverage industries have proved to be the principal employers of these compounds. Ampholytes are used as sanitizers and disinfectants, not as food preservatives. Low toxicity, absence of skin irritation, and noncorrosiveness, along with antimicrobial activity, has given ampholytes acceptance in dairies, meat plants, and the brewing and soft drink industries. These disinfectants have been manufactured and distributed in Europe and Japan, but not in the United States. 

The measurement of filth elements by microanalysis is a valuable adjunct in the enforcement of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and serves as an efficient means of evaluating conditions of cleanliness, decency, and sanitation in food-producing plants. This, of course, is in addition to the value of microanalytical methods in the determination of the fitness of foods as they reach the consumer. The techniques available, together with proficiency of manipulation, repeated references to authentic materials, and sound judgment in the interpretation of results, provide effective enforcement weapons in the constant war to prevent the production and interstate distribution of products which are unfit for the table of the American consumer. 

This review mostly summarizes the scientific information available in developed countries, where the prevalence of diseases associated with water use is kept under very acceptable levels. However, there are reasons to think that the situation might worsen as a consequence of the effects of the climatic change, the increase of population in certain areas and the deterioration of sanitation infrastructures. It may be necessary to take new measures to maintain the present situation. Better knowledge of the water-borne pathogens, where they originate, how they persist or replicate in the environment, how they survive water treatments, and how they are transported in water and soil, will allow us to take the necessary measures to prevent the effects of water scarcity as well as the effects of extreme climatic events foreseen for the future by the experts in climatic change [13]. 

Goncharuk El, Sidorenko GI, Golubchikov MV. 1990. [Use of the mother-fetus-newbom infant system of combined effects of pesticides and other chemicals]. Gig Sanit Jun(6) 4-7. (Russian) (Translation attached)... 

Bloomfield, S. F., Aiello, A. E., Cookson, B., O Boyle, C., and Larson, E. L. (2007). The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Am. 

Butot, S., Putallaz, T., and Sanchez, G. (2008). Effects of sanitation, freezing and frozen storage on enteric viruses in berries and herbs. Int.. Food Microbiol. 126,30-35. 

Liu, P., Yuen, Y., Hsiao, H. M., Jaykus, L. A., and Moe, C. (2010). Effectiveness of liquid soap and hand sanitizer against Norwalk virus on contaminated hands. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76,394-399. 

Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids. No studies regarding dermal effects in humans after inhalation or oral exposure were located. Erythema was observed in humans repeatedly exposed to dermal patches of Skydrol 500B-4 for an intermediate duration (Monsanto 1980). Skin scabbing was seen after oral exposure to Sanitizer 154 at 300 mg/kg (IRDC 1981). 

Vasilieva IA. 1973. [Effect of small concentrations of carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide on the menstrual function of women and the estrual cycle of experimental animals.] Gig Sanit 7 24-27. (Russian)... 

Chlorine, or more commonly a substance containing hypochlorite ion, is added to pools as a disinfectant. However, sunlight rapidly destroys hypochlorite, drastically reducing the effectiveness of the sanitizer. Hence, the effectiveness of the disinfectant is maximized when added in the evening hours. 

Organic acids Effective alone or on combination with other sanitizers, simple products such as lemon juice or vinegar may be used Not useful for all products, may have adverse effects on sensory qualities, may lead to loss of germination percentage when used on seeds... 

Experiments with gaseous acetic acid have been performed for disinfection of seeds intended for the production of bean sprouts (Delaquis et al., 1999). Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli 0157 H7 were eradicated from the surface of mung bean seeds and it was reported that the seed germination loss was not too large. The seeds have often been the suspected source of contamination in sprout-associated outbreaks and sanitation methods that do not interfere with the germination of the seeds are appreciated. Other volatile chemical treatments have been tested for lethality to Salmonella spp. on alfalfa seeds and sprouts with varying results both on the efficacy of the disinfectant and its effect on sensory qualities (Weissinger et al., 2001). 

---