Sampling tobacco smoke

Excluding tobacco and tobacco smoke (lf f3), the largest known human exposure to N-nitrosamines is in the industrial sector (4). The area or process air samples containing the largest amount of nitrosamines are in a tire factory, NMOR at the 250 yg/m level (5, a leather tannery, NDMA at the 47 ]xg/wr level (jy, and a rocket fuel factory, NDMA at the 36 yg/m level (7). 

Industrial emission, auto exhaust, and tobacco smoke Sample collected in NaOH bubbler and derivatized to />-nitrobenzene-diazonium tetrafluoroborate HPLC-UV 0.05 pbb for 150 L sample NG... 

Lambert NM, Hartsough CS (1998) Prospective study of tobacco smoking and substance dependencies among samples of ADHD and non-ADHD participants. J Learn Disabil 31(6) 533-544 Lawrence NS, Ross TJ, Stein EA (2002) Cognitive mechanisms of nicotine on visual attention. Neuron 36(3) 539-548... 

The predominant alkaloid fonnd in tobacco is (—)-nicotine other molecnles found in tissnes of smokers are either present in tobacco smoke or are metabolites of nicotine, inclnding (4-)-nicotine, (-P)-nomicotine, (—)-nomicotine and (—)-cotinine, the major metabolite (Clark et al. 1965). In animals trained to recognise the stunnlns produced by (—)-nicotine, (-P)-nicotine fully substituted for (—)-nicotine but was about one-tenth as potent. There was no stereoselectivity in responding observed with the metabolite nomicotine and both (-p) and (—)-isomers fully substituted for nicotine but again were 10-fold less potent. (—)-Cotinine also substitnted for nicotine at very high doses bnt this conld be explained by the presence of small amounts of (—)-nicotine in the sample of cotinine (Goldberg et al. 1989). 

Saliva The use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has been studied for many years [266]. While the ease and noninvasiveness with which a sample can be obtained make this matrix attractive to the medical community, the use of saliva to detect exposures of persons to environmental contaminants has not been investigated in many studies. However, it has been established that the measurement of cotinine, an indicator of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, in saliva is correlated with concentrations of cotinine in serum [267]. 

Oral cytological effect. The effects of cannabis, methaqualone, or tobacco smoking on the epithelial cells in 16 patients were evaluated. The site samples included the buccal mucosa (left and right sides), the posterior dorsum of the tongue, and the anterior floor of the mouth. There was a... 

Acetaldehyde is a natural product of combustion and photo-oxidation of hydrocarbons commonly found in the atmosphere. It is an important industrial chemical and may be released into the air or in wastewater during its production and use. It has been detected at low levels in drinking-water, surface water, rainwater, effluents, engine exhaust and ambient and indoor air samples. It is also photochemically produced in surface water. Acetaldehyde is an intermediate product in the metabolism of ethanol and sugars and therefore occurs in trace quantities in human blood. It is present in small amounts in all alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine and spirits and in plant juices and essential oils, roasted coffee and tobacco smoke (lira et al., 1985 Hagemeyer, 1991 United States National Library of Medicine, 1998). 

Thousands of tonnes of methyl chloride are produced naturally every day, primarily in the oceans. Other significant natural sources include forest and brush fires and volcanoes. Although the atmospheric budget of methyl chloride can be accounted for by volatilization from the oceanic reservoir, its production and use in the manufacture of silicones and other chemicals and as a solvent and propellant can make a significant impact on the local atmospheric concentration of methyl chloride. It has been detected at low levels in drinking-water, groundwater, surface water, seawater, effluents, sediments, in the atmosphere, in fish samples and in human milk samples (Holbrook, 1993 United States National Library of Medicine, 1998). Tobacco smoke contains methyl chloride (lARC, 1986). 

The RMBC assessed its regional public-health priorities and developed the following nine demonstration projects on the basis of the needs of the community possible correlation of exposure to arsenic in drinking water and type 2 diabetes, a spot blood metals-analysis feasibility study, health-clinic samples for chemical-terrorism baselines, of relationship between urine arsenic and metal concentrations and drinking-water exposure, assessment of exposure to VOCs from subsurface volatilization, cotinine concentrations associated with environmental tobacco smoke, assessment of exposure to mercury from ingestion of fish, analysis of radionuclides in urine, and biomonitoring of organophosphorus pesticides in urine (Utah Department of Health 2006). 

Nitrosamines are toxic compounds as well as potent animal and human carcinogens (Patnaik, 1992). These substances occur in trace quantities in tobacco smoke, meat products, and salted fish. Some of these compounds are classified by U.S. EPA as priority pollutants in industrial wastewaters, potable waters, and hazardous wastes. These nitrosamines are listed in Table 2.16.1. Such pollutants occurring in environmental samples can be determined by U.S. EPA s analytical procedures (U.S. EPA 1990, 1992). 

There are five to seven kinds of nitrosamines normally present in tobacco smoke condensate. The internal standard is a nitrosamine that does not occur in tobacco or its smoke, but is used to confirm the emergence time and quantify the amounts of the nitrosamines in the samples. The curious effect of the additive is that one of these peaks, corresponding to a particularly toxic cancer-causing nitrosamine called NNK, decreases in size, roughly in proportion to the amount of additive in the cigarette. An increase in the size of a peak corresponding to a less cancerous nitrosamine called NAT is also observed. This is a promising result. Could it be an additive that improves the flavor of the product and makes it less harmful ... 

Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Sorsa M, Miller M, et al. 1986. Genotoxicity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon analysis of environmental tobacco smoke samples from restaurants. Mutagenesis 1 287- 292. 

Cotinine is the major metabolite of nicotine and is useful for the determination of tobacco smoke exposure. In this case, the test is designed to detect exposure to second hand smoke. Active smokers generally have very high levels of cotinine in their body fluids, and subjects exposed to second-hand smoke are expected to show considerably reduced levels of cotinine. To further define the test, saliva is used as the sample. This further complicates testing, as saliva is a complex mixture of mucous-submandibular gland fluids (-75%) and low viscosity-parotid gland fluids (-25%). The test kit will thus need a collection device that reliably delivers the oral fluid sample to the lateral flow test sample loading pad. 

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