Exposure drinking water

NA/IMCO North America/Intemational Maritime Dangerous Goods Code DWEL Drinking Water Exposure Level... 

Drinking Water Exposure Level EPA = Environmental Protection Agency FSTRAC = Federal-State Toxicology and Regulatory Alliance Committee mT = metric ton, NATICH = National Air Toxics Clearinghouse ... 

Carbon tetrachloride also causes effects on other tissues of the body, but these are not usually as common or important as the effects on the liver, kidney, and brain. Limited human studies suggest that drinking water exposure to carbon tetrachloride might possibly be related to certain birth defects, low birth weight, and small size at birth. Information from animal studies indicates that carbon tetrachloride does not cause birth defects, but might decrease the survival rate of newborn animals. 

The RMBC assessed its regional public-health priorities and developed the following nine demonstration projects on the basis of the needs of the community possible correlation of exposure to arsenic in drinking water and type 2 diabetes, a spot blood metals-analysis feasibility study, health-clinic samples for chemical-terrorism baselines, of relationship between urine arsenic and metal concentrations and drinking-water exposure, assessment of exposure to VOCs from subsurface volatilization, cotinine concentrations associated with environmental tobacco smoke, assessment of exposure to mercury from ingestion of fish, analysis of radionuclides in urine, and biomonitoring of organophosphorus pesticides in urine (Utah Department of Health 2006). 

Although dietary lead intakes in the UK are currently well within recommended intakes, it is the UK Government s policy to ensure that exposure to lead is reduced wherever practicable and, more specifically, to reduce blood lead levels in children to below 10 pg/dl. Food is one of the major sources of lead exposure in the UK the others are air (mainly lead dust originating from petrol) and drinking water. Exposure from all of these sources has been reduced, as demonstrated by the reduction in blood levels over the past 15 years.10 The decrease in dietary exposure reflects the success of the measures taken to reduce lead exposure and contamination of food, such as the use of lead-free petrol, welded food cans, and the banning of tin-coated lead capsules for wine bottles. 

This drinking water exposure assessment is the most comprehensive study to date in the United States to evaluate an agricultural product s presence in drinking water provided by CWS. It assesses a population of 183 million out of 213 million who receive drinking water from 41362 water systems in the 32 major atrazine and simazine use states (Tables 29.2-29.4). The objective was to better assess the two products frequency of occurrence and estimated exposure for populations over an 8-year (1993-2000) period. 

Richards, R.P., D.B. Baker, B.R. Christensen, and D.P. Tierney (1995). Atrazine exposures through drinking water Exposure assessments for Ohio, Illinois and Iowa. Environ. Sci. Technol., 29 406-412. 

Coogan T, Motz J, Snyder C, et al. 1991a. Differential DNA-protein crosslinking in lymphocytes and liver following chronic drinking water exposure of rats to potassium chromate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 109 60-72. 

Guideline values applied in testing procedures for materials and chemicals Chemical additives and by-products Testing procedures applied to the materials and chemicals to assess their contribution to drinking-water exposure taking account of variations over time (see GDWQ Chapter 8)... 

The same procedure above may be applied for simultaneous shorler-lenn exposures to several chemicals. For drinking water exposures, 1- and 10-day Hcallli Advisories can be used as reference toxicity values. Depending on available data, a separate hazard index might also be calculated for developmental toxicants (using RfDj,s), wliich might cause adverse effects following exposures of only a few days. 

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