Foods sampling

Other than NIST SRM 1589, PCBs in human serum, there are no reference materials for these compounds in urine or serum. A number of reference materials are available for environmental samples, food and agriculture. 

Zissu D, Cavelier C, De Ceaurriz J. 1987. Experimental sensitization of guinea pigs to nickel and patch testing with metal samples. Food Chem Toxicol 25 83-85. 

The assays presented in this section deal with the measurement of enzyme activity, which is expected to be proportional to the amount of active enzyme present in a sample, food or otherwise, unit ci.i is an overview of the important considerations in performing activity assays unitc 1.2 illustrates how these considerations are applied to the assay of a representative food-relevant glycosyl hydrolase. Chapters C2, C3, and C4 present the first units on particular types of activity assays. In Chapter C2, two units present peptidase activity assays that use either synthetic substrates (UNITC2.1) or common, commercially available protein substrates (unit C2.2). unitC3.i presents three different assays for lipase activity. unitc4.i presents assays for diphenol oxidases, and unitc4.2 for lipoxygenase. 

SR Hagen, J Augustin, E Grings, P Tassinari. Precolumn phenylisothiocyanate derivatization and liquid chromatography of free amino acids in biological samples. Food Chem 46 319-323, 1993. 

Clegg, K. M., Lee, Y. K., and McGilligan, J. F. (1982). Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and ninhydrin reagents for the assessment of protein degradation in cheese samples. /. Food Technol. 17, 517-520. 

M. M.F. Choi, Application of a long shelf-life biosensor for the analysis of L-lactate in dairy products and serum samples, Food Chem., 92(3) (2005) 575-581. 

FOOD STANDARDS agency Dioxins and PCBs in the UK diet 1997 Total Diet samples , Food Surveillance Information Sheet No. 4/00, 2000. 

ANDERSSON A (2000), Comparison of pesticide residues in composite samples and in individual units the Swedish approach to sampling , Food Addit. Contam., 17, 547-550. 

Lucas, A.D., M.H. Goodrow, J.N. Seiber, and B.D. Hammock (1995). Development of an ELISA for the N-dealkylated s-triazines application to environmental and biological samples. Food Agric. Immunol., 7 227-241. 

Rubio, F.M., J.A. Itak, A.M. Scutellaro, M.Y. Selisker, and D.P. Herzog (1991). Performance characteristics of a novel magnetic-parti-cle-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitative analysis of atrazine and related triazines in water samples. Food Agric. Immunol., 3 113-125. 

Food Standards Agency, UK, 2003. Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in the UK diet 2001 total diet study samples. Food Survey Information Sheet 38/03. 

Wittmann, C. and B. Hock. 1989. Improved enzyme immunoassay for the analysis of triazines in water samples. Food Agric. Immunol. 1 211-224. 

L. A. Pachla, D. L. Reynolds, and P. T. Kissinger, Analytical methods for determining ascorbic acid biological samples, food products, and pharmaceuticals, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 68 1 (1985). 

Urine and fecal samples were collected for 7 consecutive days every 4 weeks. Fecal samples were analyzed for nitrogen, fat, and zinc content. Fecal samples were weighed, lyophilized, digested with nitric acid, diluted to volume with deionized water, and analyzed by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer, model 303 or 306 (Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, Connecticut). Food samples were weighed, wet digested with nitric acid, and diluted to volume with deionized water, then analyzed for zinc level (6). Nitrogen levels of dried samples (food or feces) were determined by Kjeldahl procedure (.]). The fat content of dried samples (food or feces) was ascertained by ether extraction of the lipids ( ). ... 

Vetter, W., Enantioselective fate of chiral chlorinated hydrocarbons and their metabolites in environmental samples Food Rev. Int. 2001, 17, 113-182. 

Condelli, N., Dinnella, C., Cerone, A., Monteleone, E., Bertuccioh, M. (2006). Prediction of perceived astringency induced by phenolic compounds II criteria for panel selection and preliminary application on wine samples. Food Qual. Pref, 17, 96-107. 

Nardi, E.P., Evangelista, F.S., Tormen, L., Saint Pierre, T.D., Curtius, A.J., Souza, S.S., de Barbosa, F. The use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the determination of toxic and essential elements in different types of food samples. Food Chem. 112, 727-732 (2009)... 

Behbahani, M., Gorji, T., Mahyari, M., Salarian, M., Bagheri, A., Shaabani, A. Application of polypropylene amine dendrimers (POPAM)-Grafted MWCNTs hybrid materials as a new sorbent for solid-phase extraction and trace determination of gold(III) and palladium(II) in food and environmental samples. Food Anal. Methods 7, 957-966 (2014)... 

Moller, T.E. and Nyberg, M. 2003. Ochratoxin A in raisins and currants Basic extraction procedure used in two small marketing surveys of the occurrence and control of the heterogeneity of the toxins in samples. Food Addit. Contam. 20, 1072-1076. 

Luo L, Zhang Z, Ma L. Chemiluminescent imaging detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin C in milk and water samples. Food Chem 2006 97 355-60. 

Semmelroch P. and Grosch W. (1995) Analysis of roasted coffee powders and brews by gas chromatography-olfactometry of headspace samples. Food Sci. Technol. (London) and Lebensm.-Wiss. Techno . 28, 310-13. 

XRF is not a new method since the first measurements of stable iodine in the thyroid by Hoffer et al. (1968), the use of XRF has spread to include several other elements in medical apphcations, as well as applications in occupational and environmental surveillance. Today, XRF is primarily used as a nondestructive method for investigation of metals, minerals, environmental samples, food constituents, and body fluids. Examples of in vivo XRF elemental analysis are measurements of lead in bone (Ahlgren and Mattsson, 1979 Somervaille et al., 1985 Todd and Chettle, 1994) and studies on cadmium, mercury, gold, and platinum (Ahlgren and Mattsson, 1981 Borjesson et al, 1993, 1995), but the method is not, to our knowledge, used clinically as a tool in the routine assessment of thyroid function. Some in vivo applications of the method are listed in Table 3.1. 

Whitaker TB (2006). Sampling foods for mycotoxins. Food Addit. Contam., 23(1) 50-61. 

Quantitative XRF is used in virtually every industry for almost any type of liquid or solid sample. XRF is used daily to analyze minerals, metals, paper, textiles, ceramics, cement, polymers, wood, environmental samples, food, forensic samples, cosmetics and personal care products, and more. Only a few examples will be given here. 

Lapeyre, C. Janin, F. Kaveri, S. V. Indirect double sandwich ELISA using monoclonal antibodies for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, Cl, and D in food samples. Food Microbiol., 5 25-31. 1988. 

Dragsted, L. O. Bull, I. Autrup, H. Substances with affinity to a monoclonal aflatoxin B1 antibody in Danish urine samples. Food Chem. Toxicol., 26 233-42. 1988. 

Gilbert, J., Brereton, P. MacDonald, S. (2001) Assessment of dietary exposure to ochratoxin A in the UK using duplicate diet approach and analysis of urine and plasma samples. Food Addit. Contam. 18, 1008-1093. 

Flieger J, Czajkowska- lazko A. Aqueous two phase system based on ionic liquid for isolation of quinine from human plasma sample. Food Chem 2014 166 150-7. 

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