Stainless steel samples

Steam condensate samples should be cooled in a stainless steel sample cooler. Samples should be run for 5 to 10 minutes before being collected in a 100-ml amber glass jar with a Teflon lid. The jar should be filled completely with no air space, but without over flowing. The cap should be tight, taped if necessary, and the sample kept cool prior to laboratory analysis. 

XPS was also used for the determination of chlorine in the passive film grown in chlorine containing electrolytes. While chlorine was found in the passive film on pure iron, it was absent for chromium rich stainless steel samples. Chloride content of the passive film is substantially time dependent, increasing with time until film breakdown occurs, and decreasing subsequently [109]. 

Sampling is usually done by two persons, each equipped with a full-face mask and heavy rubber gloves. Connect to the unloading valve in the dome of the tank a stainless-steel sampling line with a 1-inch union and a 4-inch valve, and attach to the sampling line by a... 

The compound (8-10 g) was sealed in a stainless steel sample container with a Teflon gasket. The unit extended down from the manifold and, for temperatures up to 100°C, was immersed in a water bath regulated to 0.1 °C. Wnen higher temperatures were required, the sample container was inserted into a tube furnace regulated to 0.25°C. 

We have observed such a transition in intact membranes of M. laidlawii which occurs at the same temperature as in the membrane lipids dispersed in water (77). Figure 11 shows representative endothermic transitions of membranes and lipids in water. Membranes were prepared for calorimetry by sedimenting at high speed, then 90-100 mg. of packed pellet were sealed in a stainless steel sample pan. The material was neither dried nor frozen before examination. Total membrane lipids were extracted with chloroform-methanol 2 1 v/v then dried and suspended in water. Lipids from the membranes of cells grown in the usual tryptose medium without added fatty acids are shown in a, while b and c are scans of intact membranes from the same cells. In b the membrane preparation had not been previously exposed to temperatures above 27 °C. The smaller transition at higher temperature probably arises from... 

Figure 5. Observed change in the elemental surface composition of hydrocarbon-covered 304 stainless steel and Inconel as a function of exposure to hydrogen discharge cleaning. The stainless steel sample was exposed to glow discharge cleaning in the PDXTokamak (Ref. 37J and the Inconel sample was exposed to pulse discharge cleaning in the TFR Tokamak. Key , C SS substrate A, O SS substrate ...

Fig. 15. Linear ramp thermal desorption of oxidized stainless steel samples implanted with 300 eV hydrogen at room temperature (Clausing, R. E., et. al. in Ref.39), p. 573). The thermal desorption technique shows that (1) a large amount of hydrogen is adsorbed in or near the sample surface, (2) the hydrogen is easily desorbed...

Figure 3.4 illustrates the use of Eq. (3-3) in an example on organoplatinum complexes. The sample for XPS analysis was prepared by allowing a solution of the complexes in dichloromethane to dry on a stainless steel sample stub. The sample should thus be homogeneous, and the use of Eq. (3-3) permitted. The... 

The cone calorimeter is also used to quantify the corrosivity of products of combustion as described in ASTM D 5485. The Cone Corrosimeter uses the same load cell, specimen holder, retainer frame, spark igniter, conical heater, and exhaust system as the cone calorimeter. A heated stainless steel sampling tube is connected to a funnel placed on top of the conical heater. A gas sample is continuously drawn from the tube at a rate of 4.5 L/min. The sampling tube is connected with silicone rubber tubing to the pump via an 11.2L exposure chamber, a filter, and a flow meter. A target is placed in the exposure chamber at the start of the test and exposed to the corrosive atmosphere of the gas sample for 60 min or until the specimen has lost 70% of its total mass loss, whichever occurs first. 

Fig. 11.5 AFM image of a 316 stainless steel sample in which one side has been electropolished while the other has been masked with lacquer.

Diagnostic information can be obtained to determine whether the calibration model provides an adequate fit to the standards, e.g., nonlinearity or other kinds of model errors can be detected, or whether an unknown sample is adequately fitted by the calibration model. A large lack of fit is usually due to background signals different from those present in the calibration standards. This is what some people have called the false sample problem. For example, suppose a calibration model was developed for the spectroscopic determination of iron in dissolved carbon steel samples. This model might be expected to provide a poor performance in the determination of iron in stainless steel samples. In this case, a figure-of-merit calculated from the biased model would detect the false sample. ... 

Sampling Procedure Use a stainless steel sampling cylinder equipped with a stainless steel valve and having a capacity... 

Experiments with gaseous reactants (propane and isobutane. Table III) were carried out by charging the liquefied gas from a weighed stainless-steel sampling cylinder into the sealed autoclave containing hydrochloric acid and, when used, a liquid alkane after which ethylene was charged and the autoclave was rotated and heated. 

All of our scattering measurements were made on powdered coal samples which had been ground in air and sealed in stainless steel samples cells with Mylar plastic windows. 

FIGURE 7 Stainless steel sample cells (5-mL), or bombs, showing screw cap ends and sintered stainless steel frits. 

Figure 7.11 MALDI spectra of seed proteins extracted from Raboso Piave (a), Prosecco (b), and Malvasia Nera di Brindisi (c) (Measurements in the positive ion linear mode of ions formed by a pulsed nitrogen laser at X = 337 nm with repetition rate 50 psec, ion source voltage 1 25 kV, ion source voltage 2 23,35 kV, ion source lens voltage 10.5kV. 5 p,L of sample mixed with 5 p,L of DBH matrix solutions, 1 p,L of mixture deposited on the stainless-steel sample holder). (Pesavento et al., JMS 2008 in press, DOI 10.1002/jms.l295)...

Instead of exciting the sample by the general radiation from the x-ray tube, one can use the almost monochromatic fluorescent radiation from a secondary fluorescer, as in Fig, 15-11. Proper selection of the secondary fluorescer can then restrict the number of fluorescing elements in the sample, because only those with Z less than that of the secondary fluorescer are excited. Thus an Fe secondary fluorescer will excite Cr in a stainless steel sample but not Fe or Ni. As a result, the sensitivity for Cr detection is increased, because selective excitation has decreased the load (total count rate) on the detector/analyzer system. 

Karmazsin s paper describes a simple apparatus for measuring the degree of hydration of plaster and gypsum rock. The reactor consists of a vertical stainless steel cylinder capable of holding six small stainless steel sample tubes that are suspended from the removable roof of the cylinder by a stainless steel thermocouple well. The cylinder is fitted with a heater controlled by an external thermocouple, and a reservoir containing water vapor at 81% relative humidity is connected to the reactor. The reactor may be used to determine accurately the amount of dihydrate in either gypsum rock or incompletely hydrated plaster. 

---